{"id":7740,"date":"2023-09-03T13:18:31","date_gmt":"2023-09-03T11:18:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/?p=7740"},"modified":"2024-09-12T13:21:23","modified_gmt":"2024-09-12T11:21:23","slug":"softverove-pravo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.autoskoly.sk\/news\/softverove-pravo\/","title":{"rendered":"Softv\u00e9rov\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00daVOD<\/h2>\n

Pod pojmom softv\u00e9rov\u00e1 kriminalita sa zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161a mysl\u00ed poru\u0161ovanie licen\u010dn\u00fdch podmienok softv\u00e9rov\u00fdch produktov<\/strong> t\u00fdm, \u017ee za jeho pou\u017e\u00edvanie v\u00fdrobcovi nezaplat\u00edme. Softv\u00e9r m\u00e1 nehmotn\u00fa podobu<\/strong> rovnako ako vyn\u00e1lez alebo hudba a jeho hodnota je vyjadren\u00e1 v du\u0161evnej pr\u00e1ci autora alebo v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch n\u00e1kladoch v\u00fdrobcu. Pojem kr\u00e1de\u017e je mierne zav\u00e1dzaj\u00faci – nie je toti\u017e jedno, \u010di niekomu ukradneme auto alebo si skop\u00edrujeme jeho softv\u00e9r.
\nJe to podobn\u00e9, ako keby sme si auto dok\u00e1zali vyklonova\u0165, alebo skop\u00edrova\u0165, pri\u010dom jemu by auto zostalo a my by sme sa r\u00e1no mohli odviez\u0165 do pr\u00e1ce. Sk\u00f4r ide o u\u0161l\u00fd zisk. Nek\u00fapime toti\u017e auto od v\u00fdrobcu \u00e1ut, ak u\u017e m\u00e1me jedno od suseda. Softv\u00e9rov\u00e9 pir\u00e1tstvo postihuje technologick\u00e9 a ICT spolo\u010dnosti a v\u00fdrobcov software – a to nie len t\u00fdch najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch, ako je Microsoft, Apple, Adobe Systems,\u00a0Oracle,\u00a0SAP,\u00a0VMware,\u00a0Symantec, ale aj mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch v\u00fdrobcov softv\u00e9ru a v\u00fdrobcov po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch hier.<\/strong><\/p>\n

SOFTV\u00c9ROV\u00c1 KRIMINALITA NA SLOVENSKU A VO SVETE<\/h2>\n

Aktu\u00e1lny stav softv\u00e9rovej kriminality na Slovensku<\/h3>\n

Slovensko kleslo za rok 2011 v miere softv\u00e9rov\u00e9ho pir\u00e1tstva\u00a0o 2 percentu\u00e1lne body zo 42% na 40%. Komer\u010dn\u00e1 hodnota softv\u00e9rov\u00e9ho pir\u00e1tstva\u00a0a teda \u010dist\u00e1 strata pre v\u00fdrobcov softv\u00e9ru na Slovensku predstavuje hodnotu 49 mili\u00f3nov\u00a0EUR. Toto \u010d\u00edslo kleslo na Slovensku po dlh\u0161om \u010dase aj v\u010faka spr\u00edsnen\u00fdm opatreniam\u00a0a eduka\u010dn\u00fdm kampaniam, tvrd\u0161\u00edm a \u010dastej\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1sahom proti pou\u017e\u00edvaniu neleg\u00e1lneho\u00a0softv\u00e9ru, ako aj \u0161koleniam pol\u00edcie ako bojova\u0165 a odha\u013eova\u0165 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch pir\u00e1tov.\u00a0V s\u00fa\u010dasnej dobe (2015) miera softv\u00e9rov\u00e9ho pir\u00e1tstva na Slovensku ka\u017edoro\u010dne kles\u00e1 – s\u00favis\u00ed to s rastom \u017eivotnej \u00farovne obyvate\u013estva.\u00a0Zdroj:\u00a0https:\/\/www.bsa.org\/reports\/2018-bsa-global-software-survey<\/a>
\nMiera softv\u00e9rovej kriminality dosiahla v roku 2002 pod\u013ea vyjadren\u00ed BSA (Business Software Alliance) na Slovensku 45 %. Pod\u013ea inform\u00e1ci\u00ed BSA v roku 2002 boli \u0161kody sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 softv\u00e9rov\u00fdm pir\u00e1tstvom v prepo\u010dte a\u017e 30\u00a0mili\u00f3nov EUR, \u010do v porovnan\u00ed s rokom 2001 predstavuje a\u017e 155-percentn\u00fd n\u00e1rast.<\/p>\n

Business Software Alliance<\/h3>\n

BSA – Business Software Alliance je \u201ecelosvetov\u00e9 zdru\u017eenie ved\u00facich v\u00fdrobcov \u0161katu\u013eov\u00e9ho softv\u00e9ru, hardv\u00e9ru a predstavite\u013eov internetov\u00e9ho sektora“ a zastupuje tak\u00e9 firmy, ako s\u00fa napr\u00edklad Adobe Systems, Apple, Autodesk, Avid, Bentley Systems, Borland, Macromedia, Microsoft, Network Associates, Symantec, da\u013eej IBM, HP, PeopleSoft<\/strong> a \u010fal\u0161ie.\u00a0<\/strong>BSA na Slovensku vyv\u00edja hlavne osvetov\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165, kde vysvet\u013euje d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 platenia za softv\u00e9r, \u010falej preven\u010dn\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee upozor\u0148uje podozriv\u00fdch na to, aby si zlegalizovali pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd softv\u00e9r, a pln\u00ed aj repres\u00edvnu \u010dinnos\u0165 spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00facu v spolupr\u00e1ci s org\u00e1nmi \u010dinn\u00fdmi v trestnom konan\u00ed pri postihovan\u00ed os\u00f4b poru\u0161uj\u00facich z\u00e1kon.
\nNajni\u017e\u0161ia miera softv\u00e9rovej kriminality je v krajin\u00e1ch Severnej Ameriky<\/strong> (pribli\u017ene 20 %<\/strong>). V \u010c\u00edne<\/strong> je to pod\u013ea r\u00f4znych zdrojov pre porovnanie viac ako 90<\/strong> %,<\/strong> v krajin\u00e1ch Afriky<\/strong> napr\u00edklad viac ako 80 %.<\/strong> Vo v\u0161eobecnosti plat\u00ed, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm m\u00e1 krajina ni\u017e\u0161iu \u017eivotn\u00fa \u00farove\u0148, t\u00fdm je miera softv\u00e9rovej kriminality vy\u0161\u0161ia a rovnako plat\u00ed aj to, \u017ee ak krajina na svojom \u00fazem\u00ed nemieni postihova\u0165 neleg\u00e1lne kop\u00edrovanie, in\u0161tal\u00e1cie a pou\u017e\u00edvanie softv\u00e9ru, je miera pou\u017e\u00edvania neleg\u00e1lneho softv\u00e9ru ve\u013emi vysok\u00e1. To je napr\u00edklad pr\u00edpad \u010c\u00edny, Ruska alebo Ukrajiny, kde podiel neleg\u00e1lneho softv\u00e9ru je viac ako 89 %.<\/p>\n

Neleg\u00e1lna in\u0161tal\u00e1cia softv\u00e9ru<\/h3>\n

Najvy\u0161\u0161iu mieru neleg\u00e1lnych in\u0161tal\u00e1ci\u00ed softv\u00e9ru na Slovensku m\u00e1 segment dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed<\/strong>, potom mal\u00e9 a stredn\u00e9 firmy a najni\u017e\u0161iu, naopak, ve\u013ek\u00e9 firmy. V dne\u0161nej dobe je pre ve\u013ek\u00fa firmu riskantn\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 neleg\u00e1lny softv\u00e9r, lebo pokuty m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 skuto\u010dne astronomick\u00e9 a riziko odhalenia je takisto vysok\u00e9. Vy\u0161etrenie jedn\u00e9ho pr\u00edpadu priemerne trv\u00e1 pribli\u017ene 3 – 4 roky.
\nNapriek n\u00edzkemu po\u010dtu ods\u00faden\u00fdch, miera pou\u017e\u00edvania neleg\u00e1lneho softv\u00e9ru na Slovensku od roku 1992 v\u00fdrazne klesla<\/strong>, a to pod\u013ea viacer\u00fdch zdrojov v\u010faka osvete, ale najm\u00e4 pre zastra\u0161ovanie zo strany BSA. Mno\u017estvo let\u00e1kov s uv\u00e4znen\u00fdm podnikate\u013eom, kontroverzn\u00e1 kazeta s fingovan\u00fdm z\u00e1\u0165ahom proti firme, ktor\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edvala neleg\u00e1lne nain\u0161talovan\u00fd softv\u00e9r, rozposlan\u00e1 mnoh\u00fdm firm\u00e1m, zn\u00e1my \u201ebonz\u00e1\u010dik“ na webovej prezent\u00e1cii www.bsa.sk \u010di r\u00f4zne informa\u010dn\u00e9 klebietky a spr\u00e1vy o prenasledovan\u00fdch firm\u00e1ch, zabaven\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010doch, \u00fadajn\u00fdch kontrol\u00e1ch a podobne dosiahli svoje. Dnes u\u017e napr\u00edklad nenaraz\u00edte v inzertn\u00fdch \u010dasopisoch na inzer\u00e1ty typu: \u201ePred\u00e1m MS Office, 3D \u0160t\u00fadio Max a AutoCAD na jednom CD za 8 EUR.“ Str\u00e1nky pon\u00fakaj\u00face \u201ezlacnen\u00fd“ softv\u00e9r tie\u017e takmer celkom vymizli zo slovensk\u00e9ho internetu. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina ve\u013ek\u00fdch firiem s 50 a viac po\u010d\u00edta\u010dmi u\u017e pou\u017e\u00edva preva\u017ene leg\u00e1lny softv\u00e9r a mal\u00e9 a stredn\u00e9 firmy takisto pomaly prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na leg\u00e1lne nadobudnut\u00fd softv\u00e9r.
\nT\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed boli skuto\u010dne chyten\u00ed a ods\u00faden\u00ed, je zatia\u013e ako \u0161afranu. T\u00ed, ktor\u00ed to \u201edotiahli“ a\u017e do s\u00fadnej siene, boli zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161a notoricky zn\u00e1mi podnikavci pred\u00e1vaj\u00faci r\u00f4zny softv\u00e9r prostredn\u00edctvom ponuky na internete alebo v inzertn\u00fdch \u010dasopisoch.<\/p>\n

PR\u00cdLE\u017dITOS\u0164 ROB\u00cd ZLODEJA<\/h2>\n

Na softv\u00e9rov\u00e9 produkty sa toto star\u00e9 pr\u00edslovie ve\u013emi hod\u00ed. Aj \u013eudia, ktor\u00ed by nedok\u00e1zali ukradn\u00fa\u0165 ani len \u201eer\u00e1rnu“ ceruzku z kolegovho stola, \u010dasto zauj\u00edmaj\u00fa celkom opa\u010dn\u00fd postoj pri pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed softv\u00e9ru. Po\u017ei\u010daj\u00fa si z firmy napr\u00edklad kancel\u00e1rsky bal\u00edk, ktor\u00fd si doma nain\u0161taluj\u00fa, aby si mohli dokon\u010di\u0165 svoju pr\u00e1cu v pohodl\u00ed vlastnej ob\u00fdva\u010dky. Mo\u017eno si ani neuvedomuj\u00fa, \u017ee sa dopustili trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu, za ktor\u00fd im hroz\u00ed od\u0148atie slobody do v\u00fd\u0161ky dvoch rokov a pe\u0148a\u017en\u00fd trest. Na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead sa ni\u010d nedeje – len si nie\u010do skop\u00edrovali. Bude to pravdepodobne najjednoduch\u0161ie sp\u00e1chate\u013en\u00fd trestn\u00fd \u010din, ak\u00e9ho sa \u010dlovek v\u00f4bec m\u00f4\u017ee dopusti\u0165…<\/p>\n

AKO SA CHR\u00c1NIA SOFTV\u00c9ROV\u00c9 FIRMY PRED NELEG\u00c1LNYM KOP\u00cdROVAN\u00cdM<\/h2>\n

Sp\u00f4sobov ochrany pred neleg\u00e1lnym kop\u00edrovan\u00edm je viac. V z\u00e1sade sa rozli\u0161uj\u00fa dva typy ochrany<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Softv\u00e9rov\u00e1 ochrana spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee softv\u00e9r sa ochr\u00e1ni pr\u00edstupov\u00fdm heslom alebo k\u00f3dom. Vy\u0161\u0161ia forma tejto ochrany s\u00fa n\u00e1hodne generovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00edsla, ku ktor\u00fdm pomocou k\u013e\u00fa\u010da, zn\u00e1meho len v\u00fdrobcovi dan\u00e9ho softv\u00e9ru, bude po zaplaten\u00ed zaslan\u00fd k\u00f3d, ktor\u00fdm softv\u00e9r \u201eodomkneme“.<\/li>\n
  2. Hardv\u00e9rov\u00e1 ochrana je pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za \u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161iu ako softv\u00e9rov\u00e1. K zak\u00fapen\u00e9mu programu dostaneme aj hardv\u00e9rov\u00fd k\u013e\u00fa\u010d, ktor\u00fd spravidla zasunieme bu\u010f do paraleln\u00e9ho portu po\u010d\u00edta\u010da, alebo do portu USB. Tento k\u013e\u00fa\u010d \u201eodomkne“ program. Ak program skop\u00edrujeme a pok\u00fasime sa ho in\u0161talova\u0165 na inom po\u010d\u00edta\u010di, nebude bez k\u013e\u00fa\u010da fungova\u0165. V\u00fdroba tak\u00fdchto k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch objemoch nie je n\u00e1kladn\u00e1. \u0160peci\u00e1lnou formou ochrany je \u00faprava m\u00e9dia obsahuj\u00faceho dan\u00fd softv\u00e9r, tak\u017ee neumo\u017e\u0148uje kop\u00edrovanie svojho obsahu. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti takmer v\u0161etky hry a niektor\u00e9 hudobn\u00e9 CD nosi\u010de vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa t\u00fato formu ochrany. Ot\u00e1zne je, \u010di v\u00fdrobcovia sami neporu\u0161uj\u00fa z\u00e1kon, ak n\u00e1m br\u00e1nia vytvori\u0165 si z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00fa k\u00f3piu pre vlastn\u00e9 potreby.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    AKO SA PORU\u0160UJE SOFTV\u00c9ROV\u00dd Z\u00c1KON<\/h2>\n

    Neleg\u00e1lne kop\u00edrovanie obsahu<\/h3>\n

    Existuje ve\u013ea foriem, ako \u013eudia poru\u0161uj\u00fa autorsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ou formou je neleg\u00e1lne kop\u00edrovanie softv\u00e9ru<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd potom nain\u0161talujeme na in\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d. M\u00f4\u017ee \u00eds\u0165 napr\u00edklad o viacn\u00e1sobn\u00fa in\u0161tal\u00e1ciu, kde leg\u00e1lne zak\u00fapen\u00fd softv\u00e9r nain\u0161talujeme na viac po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov, ne\u017e povo\u013euje licencia. Z\u00e1kon neraz poru\u0161uj\u00fa aj predajcovia po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov, ktor\u00ed pred\u00e1vaj\u00fa po\u010d\u00edta\u010d s neleg\u00e1lne nain\u0161talovan\u00fdmi programami alebo naj\u010dastej\u0161ie opera\u010dn\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom \u2013 tzv. hard-disk loading. Po\u010d\u00edta\u010d bez softv\u00e9ru je toti\u017e ako telo bez du\u0161e<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    Warez<\/h3>\n

    Rozm\u00e1haj\u00facim sa sp\u00f4sobom poru\u0161ovania z\u00e1kona je aj neleg\u00e1lne \u0161\u00edrenie softv\u00e9ru – tzv. warez<\/strong>. Warez sa \u0161\u00edri v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti najm\u00e4 sie\u0165ami P2P, ke\u010f u\u017e\u00edvate\u013e takejto siete okrem vlastn\u00fdch s\u00faborov \u010di vlastn\u00fdch programov neleg\u00e1lne zdie\u013ea aj in\u00fd softv\u00e9r, pri ktorom poru\u0161uje licen\u010dn\u00e9 podmienky.<\/p>\n

    S\u0165ahovanie crackov<\/h3>\n

    \u010eal\u0161\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom, ktor\u00fd je popul\u00e1rny v\u010faka masov\u00e9mu vyu\u017e\u00edvaniu internetu, je s\u0165ahovanie \u201ecrackov<\/strong>“ – teda miniprogramov, ktor\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eu po spusten\u00ed odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 ochranu z komer\u010dn\u00e9ho softv\u00e9ri a ten potom m\u00f4\u017eeme vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 tak, akoby sme za\u0148 zaplatili.
    \n\u010casto vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm a z poh\u013eadu pred\u00e1vaj\u00faceho aj najviac postihovan\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom je k\u00fapa neleg\u00e1lne uroben\u00fdch k\u00f3pi\u00ed softv\u00e9ru alebo \u201ecracknut\u00fdch“ verzi\u00ed programov na burz\u00e1ch, cez internet a podobne. Tu v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou za zlomok ceny m\u00f4\u017eeme z\u00edska\u0165 programy aj v st\u00e1tis\u00edcov\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch. Firma, ktor\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edva neleg\u00e1lny softv\u00e9r, tak z\u00edskava napr\u00edklad obrovsk\u00fa konkuren\u010dn\u00fa v\u00fdhodu oproti tej, ktor\u00e1 si softv\u00e9r poctivo k\u00fapi. Vezmime si pr\u00edklad internetovej kaviarne a po\u010d\u00edta\u010dovej herne. T\u00e1 firma, ktor\u00e1 na svoje po\u010d\u00edta\u010de nain\u0161taluje neleg\u00e1lny softv\u00e9r a hry, dok\u00e1\u017ee \u201eu\u0161etri\u0165“ viac ako 2\/3 n\u00e1kladov oproti tej, ktor\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edva leg\u00e1lny softv\u00e9r. Pir\u00e1tska PC her\u0148a si teda m\u00f4\u017ee dovoli\u0165 podstatne ni\u017e\u0161ie ceny, a \u010do je najhor\u0161ie, v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku ten, kto dodr\u017eiava z\u00e1kon, je ods\u00faden\u00fd na ne\u00faspech v boji s konkurenciou.<\/p>\n

    AKO NA N\u00c1S PR\u00cdDU?<\/h2>\n

    Ke\u010f\u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina softv\u00e9rov\u00fdch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed pod\u013ea vlastn\u00e9ho vyjadrenia nedok\u00e1\u017ee zisti\u0165 na dia\u013eku (ani v tom pr\u00edpade, ak sa prip\u00e1jame na str\u00e1nky, odkia\u013e si s\u0165ahujeme aktualiz\u00e1cie), \u010di je softv\u00e9r leg\u00e1lny alebo neleg\u00e1lny, nezost\u00e1va str\u00e1\u017ecom dodr\u017eiavania autorsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona prakticky ni\u010d in\u00e9 ako sa spolieha\u0165 na udania in\u00fdch os\u00f4b<\/strong>. Spolo\u010dnosti BSA m\u00f4\u017eeme napr\u00edklad tak\u00fdto \u201ebonz“ anonymne posla\u0165 priamo cez jej str\u00e1nku. Naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edmi \u201ebonz\u00e1kmi“ s\u00fa rozhnevan\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00ed zamestnanci, ktor\u00ed ochotne uved\u00fa po\u010det neleg\u00e1lnych in\u0161tal\u00e1ci\u00ed, zoznam neleg\u00e1lne pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch programov a r\u00f4zne in\u00e9 podrobnosti. Smutn\u00e9 je to, \u017ee BSA tieto akty pomsty podporuje a otvorene vyz\u00fdva na anonymn\u00e9 udania \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed ost\u00e1vaj\u00fa skryt\u00ed a nenes\u00fa nijak\u00fa zodpovednos\u0165. BSA aj na z\u00e1klade takto z\u00edskan\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed potom v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou za\u0161le firme varovn\u00fd list, pr\u00edpadne odovzd\u00e1 inform\u00e1cie org\u00e1nom \u010dinn\u00fdm v trestnom konan\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    AKO SA VYHN\u00da\u0164 PROBL\u00c9MOM<\/h2>\n

    Ak nechceme kupova\u0165 drah\u00fd softv\u00e9r, m\u00f4\u017eeme sa poobzera\u0165 po takom softv\u00e9ri, za ktor\u00fd nemus\u00edme plati\u0165 a pritom uspokoj\u00ed na\u0161e potreby.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Freeware<\/strong> – doslovn\u00fd preklad je softv\u00e9r zadarmo. Budete mo\u017eno prekvapen\u00ed, ko\u013eko kvalitn\u00e9ho softv\u00e9ru je k dispoz\u00edcii. Ide v\u0161ak v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou o men\u0161ie programy, vytv\u00e1ran\u00e9 preva\u017ene nad\u0161encami alebo firmami, ktor\u00e9 si vytvoren\u00edm tak\u00e9hoto softv\u00e9ru sna\u017eia urobi\u0165 reklamu a vybudova\u0165 prest\u00ed\u017e. Podpora a ani z\u00e1ruky neexistuj\u00fa.<\/li>\n
    • Shareware<\/strong> s\u00fa programy, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eeme slobodne kop\u00edrova\u0165 a pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou je ich \u00fapln\u00e1 funk\u010dnos\u0165 podmienen\u00e1 k\u00fapou alebo po istom \u010dase bude ich funk\u010dnos\u0165 limitovan\u00e1. Kvalitn\u00fdch sharewarov\u00fdch programov je dos\u0165, plat\u00ed, v\u0161ak, \u017ee s\u00fa to zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161a men\u0161ie programy a podporu a z\u00e1ruky spravidla dostaneme a\u017e po tom, \u010do za program zaplat\u00edme.<\/li>\n
    • Open source<\/strong> je azda najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161\u00edm rie\u0161en\u00edm. Otvoren\u00fd zdrojov\u00fd k\u00f3d znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee si program m\u00f4\u017eeme sami upravi\u0165 pod\u013ea vlastn\u00fdch potrieb. Takto upraven\u00fd program v\u0161ak nem\u00f4\u017eeme \u010falej uzavrie\u0165, mus\u00edme jeho zdrojov\u00e9 k\u00f3dy spr\u00edstupni\u0165 \u010fal\u0161\u00edm. Softv\u00e9rom zalo\u017een\u00fdm na open source je napr\u00edklad Linux, najv\u00e1\u017enej\u0161\u00ed konkurent opera\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov Microsoftu, alebo kancel\u00e1rsky bal\u00edk Open Office a ve\u013ea \u010fal\u0161\u00edch kvalitn\u00fdch programov. Mus\u00edme v\u0161ak po\u010d\u00edta\u0165 s t\u00fdm, \u017ee tieto programy n\u00e1m nepon\u00faknu rovnak\u00e9 funkcie, a ak sme boli doteraz zvyknut\u00ed pracova\u0165 s MS Office, budeme sa musie\u0165 nau\u010di\u0165 niektor\u00e9 odli\u0161nosti. Prechod na alternat\u00edvny opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 ove\u013ea zlo\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed, najm\u00e4 ak vyu\u017e\u00edvame mno\u017estvo \u010fal\u0161\u00edch programov, ur\u010den\u00fdch pre Windows, alebo prip\u00e1jame \u0161peci\u00e1lne hardv\u00e9rov\u00e9 zariadenia, ur\u010den\u00e9 pre opera\u010dn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my Windows.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Ak n\u00e1m nevyhovuje ani jedna z uveden\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed a nedok\u00e1\u017eeme nahradi\u0165 svoje softv\u00e9rov\u00e9 vybavenie bezplatn\u00fdmi alternat\u00edvami, je lep\u0161ie si do po\u010d\u00edta\u010da in\u0161talova\u0165 leg\u00e1lne nadobudnut\u00fd softv\u00e9r, ku ktor\u00e9mu vlastn\u00edme aj licenciu alebo aspo\u0148 doklad o k\u00fape.
      \nAk kupujeme nov\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, kupujme ho s leg\u00e1lne nain\u0161talovan\u00fdm softv\u00e9rom<\/strong> (pribli\u017ene o\u00a0100 EUR\u00a0drah\u0161ie ako \u201enah\u00e9“ PC). Na PC by mala by\u0165 n\u00e1lepka potvrdzuj\u00faca pravos\u0165 (pri opera\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch od spolo\u010dnosti Microsoft). Niektor\u00e9 firmy n\u00e1m na po\u017eiadanie nain\u0161taluj\u00fa aj alternat\u00edvne opera\u010dn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my.\u00a0Kupujme si softv\u00e9r u autorizovan\u00fdch predajcov. Leg\u00e1lny softv\u00e9r by mal by\u0165 v\u017edy zabalen\u00fd v \u0161katuli s certifik\u00e1tom pravosti na lisovan\u00fdch CD nosi\u010doch.<\/p>\n

      ETIKA<\/h2>\n

      Etick\u00fd rozmer neleg\u00e1lneho kop\u00edrovania softv\u00e9ru nie je ve\u013emi \u010dasto diskutovanou t\u00e9mou softv\u00e9rov\u00fdch gigantov. Ch\u00e1pe sa to tak, \u017ee ten, kto si ho do svojho po\u010d\u00edta\u010da in\u0161taluje, jednoducho kradne a hotovo. M\u00e1lokto sa pozastavuje nad t\u00fdm, \u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e PC m\u00e1 ve\u013emi obmedzen\u00fd v\u00fdber. Viac ako 95 % dom\u00e1cich PC a pracovn\u00fdch stan\u00edc toti\u017e pou\u017e\u00edva opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m Windows. U\u010d\u00edme sa na \u0148om pracova\u0165 v \u0161kole, pou\u017e\u00edvame ho v pr\u00e1ci, in\u00e9 programy \u201ebe\u017eia“ takmer v\u00fdlu\u010dne pr\u00e1ve v tomto opera\u010dnom syst\u00e9me a takmer v\u0161etci na\u0161i zn\u00e1mi ho pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa. Na to, aby sme dostali zamestnanie, urobili sk\u00fa\u0161ku \u010di si dok\u00e1zali nain\u0161talova\u0165 zak\u00fapen\u00fd program, potrebujme opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m Windows. Iste, m\u00f4\u017eeme si ho nahradi\u0165 alebo \u201enasimulova\u0165“, no nikdy tieto n\u00e1hrady nedok\u00e1\u017eu poskytn\u00fa\u0165 100 % n\u00e1hradu. \u010casto sa st\u00e1va, \u017ee in\u00fd program doslova vy\u017eaduje kancel\u00e1rsky bal\u00edk MS Office. Je napr\u00edklad ve\u013ea distrib\u00fatorsk\u00fdch firiem, ktor\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa objedn\u00e1vkov\u00fd syst\u00e9m dod\u00e1vate\u013ea priamo nadv\u00e4zuj\u00faci na kancel\u00e1rske bal\u00edky od Microsoftu. Firma m\u00e1 na v\u00fdber – bu\u010f pripravi\u0165 sa o obchodn\u00e9 pr\u00edle\u017eitosti, alebo pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 Office. Pre mal\u00fa firmu je v\u0161ak viac ako 10-tis\u00edc kor\u00fan za jedin\u00fa licenciu skuto\u010dne ve\u013ek\u00e1 polo\u017eka.
      \nNamieste je aj ot\u00e1zka, \u010di je spravodliv\u00e9, \u017ee \u0161tudent<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd neleg\u00e1lne vyu\u017e\u00edva softv\u00e9r napr\u00edklad na to, aby sa pripravil na svoje bud\u00face povolanie, je de facto rovnako postihovan\u00fd z\u00e1konom ako podnikate\u013e, ktor\u00fd na neleg\u00e1lne zaobstaranom softv\u00e9ri re\u00e1lne zar\u00e1ba peniaze. A \u010di je spravodliv\u00e9 to, \u017ee len t\u00ed, ktor\u00ed na to maj\u00fa, m\u00f4\u017eu vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 najnov\u0161ie softv\u00e9rov\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie a poznatky a na\u010falej tak prehlbova\u0165 u\u017e teraz priepastn\u00fd rozdiel medzi V\u00fdchodom a Z\u00e1padom?<\/p>\n

      KO\u013dKO N\u00c1S SOFTV\u00c9R STOJ\u00cd?<\/h2>\n

      Priemern\u00e1 mzda Ameri\u010dana je pribli\u017ene 18 USD na hodinu (cca\u00a020 EUR)<\/strong>. U n\u00e1s je to pribli\u017ene 3 eur\u00e1. Ameri\u010dan si teda zarob\u00ed na najlacnej\u0161\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m Windows pribli\u017ene za 6\u00a0hod\u00edn, Slov\u00e1k za 40 hod\u00edn\u00a0– mus\u00ed pracova\u0165 teda pribli\u017ene jeden t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148 len na opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m Windows s t\u00fdm, \u017ee sa ani raz nenaje, ani raz nenapije, resp. nevyd\u00e1 ani korunu mimo. Ukrajincovi to bude trva\u0165 pribli\u017ene 2 mesiace. M\u00f4\u017ee sa niekto potom \u010dudova\u0165 vysokej softv\u00e9rovej kriminalite? D\u00e1va to v\u0161ak niekomu pr\u00e1vo pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 alebo vlastni\u0165 nie\u010do bez toho, aby za to zaplatil? V tejto s\u00favislosti treba poznamena\u0165, \u017ee viacer\u00e9 softv\u00e9rov\u00e9 firmy takpovediac \u201edarovali“ niektor\u00fdm obyvate\u013eom z t\u00fdch najchudobnej\u0161\u00edch kraj\u00edn svoje softv\u00e9rov\u00e9 produkty. Microsoft napr\u00edklad na Slovensku pon\u00faka \u0161tudentom a u\u010dite\u013eom z\u00e1kladn\u00fd kancel\u00e1rsky bal\u00edk za 1\/5 maloobchodnej ceny.<\/p>\n

      \u010cO PRIN\u00c1\u0160A AUTORSK\u00dd Z\u00c1KON<\/h2>\n

      Autorsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon chr\u00e1ni a upravuje vz\u0165ahy s\u00favisiace s vytvoren\u00edm a pou\u017eit\u00edm liter\u00e1rnych, umeleck\u00fdch a in\u00fdch diel. Od 1. janu\u00e1ra 2004 nadobudol \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 z\u00e1kon \u010d. 618\/2003 Z. z. o pr\u00e1ve autorskom a pr\u00e1vach s\u00favisiacich s autorsk\u00fdm pr\u00e1vom<\/strong> (\u201eautorsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon“), ktor\u00fd nahradil doteraj\u0161\u00ed autorsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon \u010d. 383\/1997 Z. z. v znen\u00ed z\u00e1kona \u010d. 234\/2000 Z. z. Z h\u013eadiska po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9ho priemyslu prin\u00e1\u0161a nov\u00fd autorsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon viacer\u00e9 zmeny.<\/p>\n

      LEG\u00c1LNE DEFIN\u00cdCIE<\/h2>\n

      V \u00a7 5 autorsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona s\u00fa podobne ako doteraz uveden\u00e9 leg\u00e1lne defin\u00edcie po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9ho (\u00a7 5 ods. 8) programu a datab\u00e1zy (\u00a7 5 ods. 4). V defin\u00edcii po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9ho programu nenastala oproti z\u00e1konu \u010d. 383\/1997 Z. z. \u017eiadna zmena.<\/p>\n

      Po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd program<\/h3>\n

      Po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd program<\/strong> je \u201es\u00fabor pr\u00edkazov a in\u0161trukci\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00fdch priamo alebo nepriamo v po\u010d\u00edta\u010di. Pr\u00edkazy a in\u0161trukcie m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 nap\u00edsan\u00e9 alebo vyjadren\u00e9 v zdrojovom k\u00f3de alebo v strojovom k\u00f3de. Neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9ho programu je aj podkladov\u00fd materi\u00e1l potrebn\u00fd na jeho pr\u00edpravu; ak sp\u013a\u0148a pojmov\u00e9 znaky diela (\u00a7 7 ods. 1), je chr\u00e1nen\u00fd ako liter\u00e1rne dielo.“ Defin\u00edcia datab\u00e1zy bola spresnen\u00e1 vypusten\u00edm dvoch nadbyto\u010dn\u00fdch slov.<\/p>\n

      Datab\u00e1za<\/h3>\n

      Datab\u00e1za<\/strong> je teraz definovan\u00e1 ako \u201es\u00fabor nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch diel, \u00fadajov alebo in\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov systematicky alebo metodicky usporiadan\u00fdch a jednotlivo pr\u00edstupn\u00fdch elektronick\u00fdmi alebo in\u00fdmi prostriedkami. Za datab\u00e1zu sa nepova\u017euje po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd program pou\u017eit\u00fd pri zhotoven\u00ed alebo prev\u00e1dzke datab\u00e1zy pr\u00edstupnej elektronick\u00fdmi prostriedkami.“ Novinkou, ktor\u00fa prin\u00e1\u0161a autorsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon, je defin\u00edcia zamestnaneck\u00e9ho diela, ktor\u00e9 m\u00e1 osobitn\u00fd pr\u00e1vny re\u017eim pou\u017eitia, odli\u0161n\u00fd od bezplatn\u00fdch v\u00fdnimiek (obmedzen\u00ed autorsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va). Doteraz zamestnaneck\u00e9 dielo nebolo definovan\u00e9. Bolo iba osobitne upraven\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo na pou\u017eitie diela, ktor\u00e9ho nosite\u013eom bol, ak nebolo dohodnut\u00e9 inak, zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e autora.<\/p>\n

      Zamestnaneck\u00e9 dielo<\/h3>\n

      Zamestnaneck\u00fdm dielom<\/strong> je pod\u013ea \u00a7 5 ods. 24 \u201edielo, ktor\u00e9 autor vytvoril na splnenie svojich povinnost\u00ed vypl\u00fdvaj\u00facich mu z pracovnopr\u00e1vneho vz\u0165ahu, slu\u017eobn\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu alebo \u0161t\u00e1tnozamestnaneck\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu k zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eovi alebo z pracovnopr\u00e1vneho vz\u0165ahu medzi dru\u017estvom a jeho \u010dlenom“. T\u00e1to defin\u00edcia je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 pre spolo\u010dnosti, ktor\u00e9 vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 programy, preto\u017ee vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine pr\u00edpadov s\u00fa autormi produktov pr\u00e1ve zamestnanci t\u00fdchto spolo\u010dnost\u00ed. Defin\u00edcia zhotovite\u013ea datab\u00e1zy (\u00a7 5 ods. 23) sa nezmenila.<\/p>\n

      Zhotovite\u013e datab\u00e1zy<\/h3>\n

      Zhotovite\u013eom datab\u00e1zy<\/strong> je \u201efyzick\u00e1 osoba alebo pr\u00e1vnick\u00e1 osoba, na ktorej podnet, \u00fa\u010det a zodpovednos\u0165 bola datab\u00e1za vytvoren\u00e1“.<\/p>\n

      AUTOR<\/h2>\n

      Kto je autorom diela?<\/h3>\n

      \u010eal\u0161ou novinkou, ktor\u00fa prin\u00e1\u0161a nov\u00fd autorsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon, je jednozna\u010dn\u00e1 defin\u00edcia autora<\/strong>. T\u00e1to defin\u00edcia bola vytvoren\u00e1, aby sa jednozna\u010dne odl\u00ed\u0161ila osoba, ktor\u00e1 dielo vytvorila, od in\u00fdch os\u00f4b, ktor\u00e9 nakladaj\u00fa s dielom na z\u00e1klade opr\u00e1vnenia vypl\u00fdvaj\u00faceho zo z\u00e1kona alebo na z\u00e1klade autorovho s\u00fahlasu. Autor je pod\u013ea \u00a7 6 autorsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona fyzick\u00e1 osoba, ktor\u00e1 dielo vytvorila. Z postavenia autora vypl\u00fdva cel\u00fd rad pr\u00e1v, najm\u00e4 v\u0161ak pr\u00e1vo udeli\u0165 s\u00fahlas na ka\u017ed\u00e9 pou\u017eitie diela, \u010do v plnej miere plat\u00ed aj pre autorov po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch programov. Po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 programy maj\u00fa dnes u\u017e sk\u00f4r v\u00fdnimo\u010dne iba jedin\u00e9ho autora. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie to b\u00fdvaj\u00fa kr\u00e1tke, jedno\u00fa\u010delov\u00e9 utilitky alebo menej rozsiahle projekty. Po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd program ove\u013ea \u010dastej\u0161ie vznikne ako v\u00fdsledok tvorivej du\u0161evnej \u010dinnosti dvoch alebo viacer\u00fdch jednotlivcov. Jednotliv\u00ed program\u00e1tori, ale aj grafici, hudobn\u00edci \u010di \u010fal\u0161ie osoby priamo spolupracuj\u00fa na tvorbe dan\u00e9ho softv\u00e9rov\u00e9ho projektu, pri\u010dom ich pr\u00edspevky nemo\u017eno od seba oddeli\u0165, tak\u017ee vznik\u00e1 jedin\u00e9, jednotn\u00e9 a nedelite\u013en\u00e9 dielo.<\/p>\n

      Spoluautorstvo<\/h3>\n

      Vtedy z h\u013eadiska autorsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona p\u00f4jde o dielo spoluautorov, ktor\u00fdm patria pr\u00e1va k vytvoren\u00e9mu dielu spolo\u010dne a nerozdielne. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee nikto z autorov nem\u00f4\u017ee s\u00e1m, bez \u00fa\u010dasti a s\u00fahlasu ostatn\u00fdch s programom naklada\u0165. Pr\u00edkladom tohto typu vz\u0165ahov medzi autormi m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 rozli\u010dn\u00e9 open source projekty, pr\u00edpadne programy, ktor\u00e9 p\u00f4vodn\u00fd autor prestane \u010falej vyv\u00edja\u0165 a zdrojov\u00fd k\u00f3d odovzd\u00e1 niekomu in\u00e9mu, ktor\u00fd vo v\u00fdvoji pokra\u010duje. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ou a najtypickej\u0161ou situ\u00e1ciou v\u0161ak bude po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd program, ktor\u00fd bol vytvoren\u00fd pod veden\u00edm nejakej fyzickej \u010di pr\u00e1vnickej osoby, ktor\u00e1 dala podnet na v\u00fdvoj programu alebo v\u00fdvoj zabezpe\u010dovala a usmer\u0148ovala. Pr\u00e1ve takto s\u00fa vytv\u00e1ran\u00e9 rozsiahle komer\u010dn\u00e9 softv\u00e9rov\u00e9 projekty, na v\u00fdvoji sa spolupodie\u013ea viacero program\u00e1torov (najmenej dvaja). Tak\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom vzniknut\u00e9 dielo sa ozna\u010duje v autorskom z\u00e1kone ako spolo\u010dn\u00e9 dielo. Autorsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon pre spolo\u010dn\u00e9 diela zav\u00e1dza podobn\u00fd re\u017eim ako pri zamestnaneckom diele, a to dokonca aj vtedy, ke\u010f tak\u00fdto softv\u00e9rov\u00fd projekt bol vyroben\u00fd sp\u00f4sobom \u201ena k\u013e\u00fa\u010d“ na z\u00e1klade zmluvy o vytvoren\u00ed diela.<\/p>\n

      PO\u010c\u00cdTA\u010cOV\u00dd PROGRAM AKO DIELO<\/h2>\n

      Autorsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon chr\u00e1ni po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd program ako ka\u017ed\u00e9 in\u00e9 dielo. Treba v\u0161ak upozorni\u0165, \u017ee z \u010disto teoretick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska m\u00f4\u017eu existova\u0165 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 programy, ktor\u00e9 nebude mo\u017en\u00e9 pova\u017eova\u0165 za dielo v zmysle autorsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona. P\u00f4jde o pr\u00edpady, ke\u010f po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd program nebude v\u00fdsledkom \u201evlastnej tvorivej du\u0161evnej \u010dinnosti“, ale p\u00f4jde len o ak\u00fdsi v\u00fdsledok mechanickej aplik\u00e1cie ur\u010dit\u00fdch odborn\u00fdch znalost\u00ed program\u00e1tora, bez ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek tvoriv\u00e9ho pr\u00ednosu. Tak\u00fdchto programov, samozrejme, bude len zanedbate\u013en\u00e9 mno\u017estvo, no ke\u010f\u017ee nep\u00f4jde o dielo, tak\u00e9to programy v\u00f4bec nebud\u00fa chr\u00e1nen\u00e9 pod\u013ea autorsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona.
      \nZ h\u013eadiska pr\u00e1vneho re\u017eimu po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9ho programu je rozhoduj\u00faci sp\u00f4sob jeho vzniku. Ak je autor iba jeden, on s\u00e1m bude nosite\u013eom v\u0161etk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v, ktor\u00e9 z autorstva vypl\u00fdvaj\u00fa, pokia\u013e nep\u00f4jde o dielo vytvoren\u00e9 na z\u00e1klade zmluvy alebo pri plnen\u00ed pracovn\u00fdch povinnost\u00ed. Pri v\u00e4\u010d\u0161om po\u010dte autorov je situ\u00e1cia komplikovanej\u0161ia.
      \nZ h\u013eadiska pr\u00e1vneho re\u017eimu programu bud\u00fa rozhoduj\u00facimi skuto\u010dnos\u0165ami predov\u0161etk\u00fdm vz\u00e1jomn\u00fd vz\u0165ah medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi autormi (vytvorenie diela z vlastn\u00e9ho alebo cudzieho podnetu, vytvorenie diela v zamestnaneckom pomere a in\u00e9 skuto\u010dnosti). Program, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 viacer\u00fdch autorov, bude naj\u010dastej\u0161ie podlieha\u0165 re\u017eimu diela spoluautorov, spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho \u010di zamestnaneck\u00e9ho diela.
      \nTreba sa zaobera\u0165 aj okamihom, ke\u010f vlastne vznik\u00e1 autorsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo k po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9mu programu. Odpove\u010f na t\u00fato ot\u00e1zku jednozna\u010dne d\u00e1va \u00a7 15 autorsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona. Stane sa tak v okamihu, ke\u010f je dielo v podobe vn\u00edmate\u013enej zmyslami bez oh\u013eadu na jeho podobu, obsah, kvalitu, \u00fa\u010del alebo formu jeho vyjadrenia. Z h\u013eadiska vzniku autorsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va nie je rozhoduj\u00face, \u010di do\u0161lo k zverejneniu, \u010di bolo dielo vyjadren\u00e9 v hmotnej podobe, nie je ani potrebn\u00e9 \u017eiadne form\u00e1lne uplatnenie autorsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va, napr\u00edklad registr\u00e1ciou. Rovnako nie je pr\u00e1vne v\u00fdznamn\u00e9, \u010di po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd program (alebo in\u00e9 dielo) obsahuje v\u00fdhradu autorsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va (text typu \u201ev\u0161etky pr\u00e1va vyhraden\u00e9“, symbol \u00a9 a podobne). Autorsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo sa vz\u0165ahuje nielen na dokon\u010den\u00fd a skompilovan\u00fd program, ale aj na v\u0161etky jeho jednotliv\u00e9 v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 f\u00e1zy a \u010dasti vr\u00e1tane n\u00e1zvu a mien post\u00e1v (napr\u00edklad po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 hry), ak tie sp\u013a\u0148aj\u00fa pojmov\u00e9 znaky diela. Inak povedan\u00e9, u\u017e v momente nap\u00edsania prv\u00e9ho riadku zdrojov\u00e9ho k\u00f3du vznik\u00e1 autorsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo na program.<\/p>\n

      OBSAH AUTORSK\u00c9HO PR\u00c1VA A JEHO OBMEDZENIA<\/h2>\n

      Obsahom autorsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va je cel\u00fd rad v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u00fdch opr\u00e1vnen\u00ed autora. V\u00fdlu\u010dnos\u0165 autorsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee iba autor rozhoduje o nakladan\u00ed s dielom. Bez jeho s\u00fahlasu nikto in\u00fd nem\u00f4\u017ee s dielom naklada\u0165 ak\u00fdmko\u013evek sp\u00f4sobom. Pr\u00e1va autora nov\u00fd autorsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon del\u00ed v \u00a7 16 na dve skupiny. Prvou skupinou pr\u00e1v s\u00fa v\u00fdhradn\u00e9 osobnostn\u00e9 pr\u00e1va autora, ktor\u00fdch sa autor nem\u00f4\u017ee vzda\u0165, nem\u00f4\u017ee ich ani previes\u0165 na niekoho in\u00e9ho a ktor\u00e9 autorovou smr\u0165ou zanikaj\u00fa. V\u00fdhradn\u00fdmi osobnostn\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vami autora s\u00fa pod\u013ea \u00a7 17 autorsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • pr\u00e1vo ozna\u010di\u0165 svoje dielo menom alebo pseudonymom a \u017eiada\u0165, aby sa jeho meno alebo pseudonym uv\u00e1dzalo na v\u0161etk\u00fdch rozmno\u017eenin\u00e1ch diela n\u00e1le\u017eit\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom pri ka\u017edom pou\u017eit\u00ed diela na verejnosti, a to pod\u013ea sp\u00f4sobu pou\u017eitia,<\/li>\n
      • pr\u00e1vo neozna\u010di\u0165 svoje dielo menom alebo pseudonymom,<\/li>\n
      • pr\u00e1vo rozhodn\u00fa\u0165 o zverejnen\u00ed svojho diela,<\/li>\n
      • pr\u00e1vo na nedotknute\u013enos\u0165 svojho diela, najm\u00e4 na ochranu pred akouko\u013evek nedovolenou zmenou alebo in\u00fdm nedovolen\u00fdm z\u00e1sahom do svojho diela, ako aj pred ak\u00fdmko\u013evek hanliv\u00fdm nakladan\u00edm so svoj\u00edm dielom, ktor\u00e9 by malo za n\u00e1sledok naru\u0161enie jeho cti a dobrej povesti. Ak to povaha diela alebo sp\u00f4sob pou\u017eitia diela nevylu\u010duj\u00fa, m\u00e1 autor pr\u00e1vo na autorsk\u00fd doh\u013ead (autorsk\u00e1 korekt\u00fara) nad nakladan\u00edm so svoj\u00edm dielom; v pr\u00edpade architektonick\u00e9ho diela je autorsk\u00fdm doh\u013eadom dozor nad zhotoven\u00edm stavby.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Po smrti autora vznikaj\u00fa \u010dasovo neobmedzen\u00e9 pr\u00e1va bl\u00edzkym osob\u00e1m v zmysle \u00a7 116 Ob\u010dianskeho z\u00e1konn\u00edka, ale aj autorsk\u00fdm zv\u00e4zom, profesijn\u00fdm komor\u00e1m alebo organiz\u00e1ci\u00e1m kolekt\u00edvnej spr\u00e1vy pr\u00e1v pod\u013ea autorsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona. Tieto osoby maj\u00fa po smrti autora pr\u00e1vo dom\u00e1ha\u0165 sa ochrany, aby si nikto nemohol prisvoji\u0165 autorstvo k dielu, aby dielo bolo pou\u017eit\u00e9 len sp\u00f4sobom nezni\u017euj\u00facim jeho hodnotu a aby sa v\u017edy uviedlo meno autora alebo jeho pseudonym, ak nejde o anonymn\u00e9 dielo.
        \nDruhou skupinou pr\u00e1v vypl\u00fdvaj\u00facich z autorstva s\u00fa v\u00fdhradn\u00e9 majetkov\u00e9 pr\u00e1va autora, uveden\u00e9 v \u00a7 18 autorsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona. Z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm majetkov\u00fdm pr\u00e1vom autora je pr\u00e1vo pou\u017ei\u0165 dielo. Na z\u00e1klade \u00a7 18 ods. 2 autorsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona m\u00e1 autor pr\u00e1vo ude\u013eova\u0165 s\u00fahlas na ka\u017ed\u00e9 pou\u017eitie diela, najm\u00e4 v\u0161ak na:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • vyhotovenie rozmno\u017eeniny diela<\/li>\n
        • verejn\u00e9 roz\u0161irovanie origin\u00e1lu diela alebo jeho rozmno\u017eeniny predajom alebo inou formou prevodu vlastn\u00edckeho pr\u00e1va<\/li>\n
        • verejn\u00e9 roz\u0161irovanie origin\u00e1lu diela alebo jeho rozmno\u017eeniny n\u00e1jmom alebo vypo\u017ei\u010dan\u00edm<\/li>\n
        • spracovanie, preklad a adapt\u00e1ciu diela<\/li>\n
        • zaradenie diela do s\u00faborn\u00e9ho diela<\/li>\n
        • verejn\u00e9 vystavenie a vykonanie diela<\/li>\n
        • verejn\u00fd prenos diela<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Z\u00c1VER<\/h2>\n

          V s\u00fa\u010dasnej dobe mo\u017eno vidie\u0165 zna\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1rast informa\u010dn\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed a s t\u00fdm spojen\u00e9 prenikanie v\u00fdpo\u010dtovej techniky, vybavenej softv\u00e9rom, do celej spolo\u010dnosti. Spolu s n\u00e1rastom po\u010dtu po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov v komer\u010dnej sf\u00e9re aj v dom\u00e1cnosti je tu aj n\u00e1rast poru\u0161ovania autorsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va k programov\u00e9mu vybaveniu \u2013 softv\u00e9rov\u00e9 pir\u00e1tstvo. Dlho som rozm\u00fd\u0161\u013eala, ako je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee trend nez\u00e1konn\u00e9ho kop\u00edrovania sa tak rozm\u00e1ha. Hlavne v chudobnej\u0161\u00edch krajin\u00e1ch. Pod\u013ea m\u00f4jho n\u00e1zoru je to sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 vo ve\u013ekej miere aj faktom, \u017ee v z\u00e1padn\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch je softv\u00e9r pre obyvate\u013eov ove\u013ea viac cenovo pr\u00edstupnej\u0161\u00ed ako napr\u00edklad na Slovensku, alebo v \u010cech\u00e1ch. Pokia\u013e t\u00e1to situ\u00e1cia bude trva\u0165 a nebude sa rie\u0161i\u0165, je samozrejm\u00e9, \u017ee neleg\u00e1lne \u0161\u00edrenie softv\u00e9ru sa bude rozm\u00e1ha\u0165. Ak by v\u0161ak v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rske firmy nemysleli len na zisk z predaja, ale aj na \u201ebe\u017en\u00e9ho\u201c u\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea, softv\u00e9r by mohol by\u0165 lacnej\u0161\u00ed a pevne ver\u00edm, \u017ee v tomto pr\u00edpade by si drviv\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u013eud\u00ed, zak\u00fapila origin\u00e1lne produkty a neboli by odk\u00e1zan\u00ed na k\u00f3pie, pri\u010dom riskuj\u00fa pr\u00e1vny postih.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          \u00daVOD Pod pojmom softv\u00e9rov\u00e1 kriminalita sa zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161a mysl\u00ed poru\u0161ovanie licen\u010dn\u00fdch podmienok softv\u00e9rov\u00fdch produktov t\u00fdm, \u017ee za jeho pou\u017e\u00edvanie v\u00fdrobcovi nezaplat\u00edme. Softv\u00e9r m\u00e1 nehmotn\u00fa podobu rovnako … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":27611,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[632,636],"tags":[641,640,639,53,131,132],"class_list":["post-7740","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-informacne-systemy","category-komunikacia","tag-informacie","tag-informacny-system","tag-is","tag-peniaze","tag-pravo","tag-software"],"yoast_head":"\nSoftv\u00e9rov\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo a softv\u00e9rov\u00e1 kriminalita<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Softv\u00e9rov\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo a softv\u00e9rov\u00e1 kriminalita na Slovensku a vo svete. Aktu\u00e1lny stav softv\u00e9rovej kriminality na Slovensku pod\u013ea Business Software Alliance (BSA)\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.autoskoly.sk\/news\/softverove-pravo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Softv\u00e9rov\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo a softv\u00e9rov\u00e1 kriminalita\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Softv\u00e9rov\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo a softv\u00e9rov\u00e1 kriminalita na Slovensku a vo svete. 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