{"id":8883,"date":"2023-07-07T00:34:44","date_gmt":"2023-07-06T22:34:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/?p=8883"},"modified":"2024-09-09T17:26:01","modified_gmt":"2024-09-09T15:26:01","slug":"informatika","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.autoskoly.sk\/news\/informatika\/","title":{"rendered":"Informatika"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Informatika<br \/>\nJe veda o inform\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. Zaober\u00e1 sa ich zberom, uchov\u00e1van\u00edm, roz\u0161\u00edrovan\u00edm, spracovan\u00edm a vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm, te\u00f3riou algoritmov, programovac\u00edch jazykov a architekt\u00farou po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov.<br \/>\n<strong>Informatika <\/strong>je veda o inform\u00e1cii a jej automatickom spracovan\u00ed.<br \/>\nHlavn\u00fd <strong>predmet \u0161t\u00fadia informatiky<\/strong> je \u0161trukt\u00fara, vytv\u00e1ranie, mana\u017ement, uchovanie, z\u00edskavanie, roz\u0161irovanie a prenos inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Informatika tie\u017e obsahuje \u0161t\u00fadiu aplik\u00e1cie informatiky v organiz\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, jej vyu\u017eitie a interakciu medzi \u013au\u010fmi, organiz\u00e1ciami a informa\u010dn\u00fdmi syst\u00e9mami.<br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Informa\u010dn\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie IT<\/span><\/strong> s\u00fa r\u00f4zne prostriedky a zariadenia, pomocou ktor\u00fdch m\u00f4\u017ee \u010dlovek zbiera\u0165, spracov\u00e1va\u0165, uklada\u0165 a vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 inform\u00e1cie r\u00f4zneho druhu a ur\u010denia.<br \/>\nTypick\u00fdm prvkom a predstavite\u013eom IT je po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, alebo jednoducho po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, ktor\u00fd sa sklad\u00e1 z hardv\u00e9ru a softv\u00e9ru.<br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Hardv\u00e9r<\/span><\/strong> tvoria v\u0161etky vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 aj vonkaj\u0161ie fyzick\u00e9 \u010dasti po\u010d\u00edta\u010da, t. j. tie ktor\u00e9 vid\u00edme alebo sa ich m\u00f4\u017eeme dotkn\u00fa\u0165.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Softv\u00e9r<\/span><\/strong> je programov\u00e9 vybavenie \u2013 skr\u00e1tene program, ktor\u00fd hovor\u00ed hardv\u00e9ru, \u010do m\u00e1 kedy urobi\u0165. Softv\u00e9r je vlastne algoritmus \u2013 postup rie\u0161enia, ktor\u00fd mus\u00ed by\u0165 vyjadren\u00fd v takej podobe, ktorej hardv\u00e9r rozumie. Programov\u00e9 vybavenie sa del\u00ed na opera\u010dn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my a aplika\u010dn\u00e9 programy.<br \/>\nVedn\u00fd odbor, ktor\u00fd sk\u00fama z\u00e1konitosti vzniku, spracovania a vyu\u017e\u00edvania inform\u00e1ci\u00ed sa naz\u00fdva informatika.<br \/>\n<em><strong>Gener\u00e1cie po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov<\/strong><\/em><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">0.gener\u00e1cia po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov <\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nZa po\u010d\u00edta\u010de nultej gener\u00e1cie sa pova\u017euj\u00fa elektromechanick\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, ktor\u00fdch z\u00e1kladom sa stala s\u00fa\u010diastka naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 <strong><em>elektromagnetick\u00e9 rel\u00e9<\/em><\/strong>. Tieto po\u010d\u00edta\u010de pracovali v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou s taktovacou frekvenciou okolo 100 Hz \/100 oper\u00e1ci\u00ed za sekundu\/.<br \/>\nV roku 1938 Konrad Zuse dokon\u010dil prv\u00fd experiment\u00e1lny model po\u010d\u00edta\u010da <strong>V1,<\/strong> ktor\u00fd bol nesk\u00f4r premenovan\u00fd na <strong>Z1<\/strong>, v roku 1941 Z2 a Z3 a o rok nesk\u00f4r Z4. v roku 1943 Howard Aiken a Grace Hopper dokon\u010dili po\u010d\u00edta\u010d <strong>MARK 1<\/strong> a v 1947 Aiken zostrojil <strong>MARK 2.<\/strong><br \/>\nNev\u00fdhodou releov\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov boli ve\u013ek\u00e9 rozmery, ve\u013ek\u00e1 hlu\u010dnos\u0165. Nev\u00fdhodou bolo tie\u017e to, \u017ee sa mechanick\u00e9 \u010dasti elektromagnetick\u00e9ho rel\u00e9 opotrebov\u00e1vali tren\u00edm. Na chladenie bolo potrebn\u00fdch nieko\u013eko ton \u013eadu denne.<br \/>\n1. <strong style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">gener\u00e1cia<\/strong><br \/>\nZa po\u010d\u00edta\u010de prvej gener\u00e1cie sa ozna\u010duj\u00fa po\u010d\u00edta\u010de skon\u0161truovan\u00e9 pomocou elektronickej s\u00fa\u010diastky, ktor\u00e1 sa vol\u00e1 v\u00e1kuov\u00e1 elektr\u00f3nka.<br \/>\nPo\u010d\u00edta\u010d <strong>COLOSSUS<\/strong> Mark 1 zhotoven\u00fd na konci roka 1943, ktor\u00fd bol pou\u017eit\u00fd na de\u0161ifrovanie spr\u00e1v nemeck\u00e9ho \u0161ifrovacieho stroja Enigma.<br \/>\n<strong>V roku 1945<\/strong> bol skon\u0161truovan\u00fd prv\u00fd univerz\u00e1lny plne elektronick\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d s n\u00e1zvom <strong>ENIAC <\/strong>\u2013 Electronic Numerical Integrator and computer. Bol chladen\u00fd dvomi leteck\u00fdmi motormi. Programovanie po\u010d\u00edta\u010da spo\u010d\u00edvalo <strong><em>v prep\u00e1jan\u00ed dr\u00f4tov a nastavovan\u00ed prep\u00edna\u010dov,<\/em><\/strong> \u010do mohlo trva\u0165 od pol hodiny a\u017e po jeden de\u0148. Bez prest\u00e1vky mohol by\u0165 zapnut\u00fd iba jednu hodinu, po\u010das ktorej vyp\u00e1lil pr\u00e1deln\u00fd k\u00f4\u0161 elektr\u00f3niek.<br \/>\nV roku 1945 <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">John Von Neumann<\/span><\/strong> navrhol sch\u00e9mu po\u010d\u00edta\u010da, ktor\u00e1 je pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 dodnes. Navrhol aby sa program i d\u00e1ta ukladali do rovnakej pam\u00e4te. N\u00e1vrh jeho po\u010d\u00edta\u010da <strong>EDVAC <\/strong>\u2013 Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer bol tak\u00fd, \u017ee sa pr\u00edkazy u\u017e nemuseli nastavova\u0165 pomocou prep\u00edna\u010dov, ale mohli by\u0165 pomocou diernych \u0161t\u00edtkov ulo\u017een\u00e9 do pam\u00e4te.<br \/>\n<strong>John von Neumann<\/strong> \u2013 dvojhodnotov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, zn\u00e1my pod n\u00e1zvom bin\u00e1rny syst\u00e9m tvor\u00ed z\u00e1klad aj dne\u0161n\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov. Zaviedol pojem po\u010d\u00edta\u010d s vlo\u017een\u00fdm programom. Program zdie\u013eal t\u00fa ist\u00fa pam\u00e4\u0165 ako d\u00e1ta. Sekven\u010dn\u00e9 spracov\u00e1vanie programu.<\/p>\n<h2>Von Neumannova sch\u00e9ma po\u010d\u00edta\u010da<\/h2>\n<p>Po\u010d\u00edta\u010d sa sklad\u00e1 z piatich z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><em>opera\u010dn\u00e1 pam\u00e4\u0165<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 sl\u00fa\u017ei k uchovaniu spracov\u00e1van\u00e9ho programu, d\u00e1t a v\u00fdsledkov v\u00fdpo\u010dtov.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>ALU \u2013 Arithmetic-logic Unit<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 aritmeticko logick\u00e1 jednotka: Jednotka prev\u00e1dzajca v\u0161etky aritmetcik\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dty a logick\u00e9 opercie<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Radi\u010d<\/em><\/strong>: riadiaca jednotka, ktor\u00e1 riadi \u010dinnos\u0165 v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010da. Toto riadenie je prev\u00e1dzan\u00e9 pomocou riadiacich sign\u00e1lov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zasielan\u00e9 jednotliv\u00fdm modulom.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>vstupn\u00e9 zariadenia<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 s\u00fa ur\u010den\u00e9 pre vstup programu a d\u00e1t.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>v\u00fdstupn\u00e9 zariadenia<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 ur\u010den\u00e9 pre v\u00fdstup v\u00fdsledkov, ktor\u00e9 program spracoval.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"> gener\u00e1cia<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>do roku 1956<\/li>\n<li>z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm stavebn\u00fdm prvkom boli elektr\u00f3nky<\/li>\n<li>procesor sa z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148oval v\u0161etk\u00fdch vstupn\u00fdch aj v\u00fdstupn\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>r\u00fdchlos\u0165 oper\u00e1ci\u00ed sa pohybovala r\u00e1dovo v milisekund\u00e1ch<\/li>\n<li>pam\u00e4\u0165 bola tvoren\u00e1 magnetick\u00fdm bubnom. Nerozli\u0161ovala sa vonkaj\u0161ia a vn\u00fatorn\u00e1 pam\u00e4\u0165<\/li>\n<li>programy boli p\u00edsan\u00e9 v strojovom k\u00f3de konkr\u00e9tneho po\u010d\u00edta\u010da<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>gener\u00e1cia<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>1957-63<\/li>\n<li>z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm stavebn\u00fdm prvkom boli polovodi\u010de \u2013di\u00f3dy a tranzistory<\/li>\n<li>r\u00fdchlos\u0165 oper\u00e1ci\u00ed sa pohybovala r\u00e1dovo v mikrosekund\u00e1ch<\/li>\n<li>kapacity pam\u00e4te dosiahla nieko\u013eko megabytov MB<\/li>\n<li>vznikali prv\u00e9 kompil\u00e1tory, preklada\u010de<\/li>\n<li>neexistovala kompatibilita, strojov\u00e9 jazyky boli jedine\u010dn\u00e9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>gener\u00e1cia<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>1964-1981<\/li>\n<li>z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm stavebn\u00fdm prvkom boli integrovan\u00e9 obvody SSI \u2013 small systems integration \u2013 mal\u00e1 integr\u00e1cia: do 10 prvkov a MSI \u2013 middle systems integration \u2013 stredn\u00e1 integr\u00e1cia \u2013 od 10 do 100 prvkov<\/li>\n<li>r\u00fdchlos\u0165 oper\u00e1ci\u00ed sa pohybovala v nanosekund\u00e1ch<\/li>\n<li>kapacita pam\u00e4t\u00ed bola r\u00e1dovo v stovk\u00e1ch MB<\/li>\n<li>nast\u00fapilo interakt\u00edvne spracovanie, multiprogramovanie, multiprocesing<\/li>\n<li>doch\u00e1dzalo k rozvoju vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch programovac\u00edch jazykov<\/li>\n<li>zvy\u0161ovala sa kompatibilita \u2013 zl\u00fa\u010dite\u0148os\u0165 softv\u00e9ru a hardv\u00e9ru od r\u00f4znych v\u00fdrobcov<\/li>\n<li>vlajkovou lo\u010fou boli gener\u00e1cie boli hlavne po\u010d\u00edta\u010de IBM 360<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"> gener\u00e1cia<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&#8211; 1981-1990<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm stavebn\u00fdm prvkom boli integrovan\u00e9 obvody LSI \u2013 large systems integration \u2013 ve\u013ek\u00e1 integr\u00e1cia \u2013 od 100 do 5000 prvkov<\/li>\n<li>kapacita pam\u00e4t\u00ed bola r\u00e1dovo v gigabytoch GB<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>rozv\u00edjali sa opera\u010dn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my a rozli\u010dn\u00e9 programov\u00e9 aplik\u00e1cie<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li>za\u010dali sa presadzova\u0165 mikropo\u010d\u00edta\u010de<\/li>\n<li>do\u0161lo k rozvoju d\u00e1tovej komunik\u00e1cie<\/li>\n<li>do\u0161lo k rozvju interakt\u00edvneho spracovania, multiprogramovania, multiprocesingu , presadil sa viacu\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00fd interakt\u00edvny pr\u00edstup a pou\u017e\u00edvanie vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch programovac\u00edch jazykov, kompil\u00e1torov a kni\u017en\u00edc programov<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"> gener\u00e1cia<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>od roku 1990<\/li>\n<li>pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa sa integrovan\u00e9 obvody VLSI \u2013 very large systems integration od 5000 do 50 000 prvkov so st\u00e1le sa zvy\u0161ujcim po\u010dtom diskr\u00e9tnych prvkov na \u010dipe<\/li>\n<li>po\u010d\u00edta\u010de sa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na rie\u0161enie \u00faloh umelej inteligencie:<\/li>\n<li>SLSI \u2013 super large systems integration \u2013 50000-100000 prvkov<\/li>\n<li>ULSI \u2013 ultra large systems integraion \u2013 nad 100 000 prvkov<\/li>\n<li>po\u010d\u00edta\u010de sa u\u010dia porozumie\u0165 re\u010di a obrazu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Z\u00e1rove\u0148 s v\u00fdvojom hardware pebieha v\u00fdvoj software tie\u017e v gener\u00e1ci\u00e1ch:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>programovanie <strong>v strojovom k\u00f3de<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>v\u00fdvoj <strong>probl\u00e9movo orientovan\u00fdch<\/strong>, ale stroju e\u0161te ve\u013emi bl\u00edzkych progr. <strong>jazykov<\/strong> FORTRAN, ALGOL 60 a COBOL<\/li>\n<li><strong>v\u00fdvoj opera\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov<\/strong> s dial\u00f3gov\u00fdm re\u017eimom pr\u00e1ce a b\u00e1nk d\u00e1t, napr. PASCAL, C.<\/li>\n<li><strong>distribuovan\u00e9 syst\u00e9my<\/strong> \u2013 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 siete, rozsiahle mo\u017enosti komunik\u00e1cie, dobr\u00e9 pracovn\u00e9 prostredia<\/li>\n<li><strong>spracovanie znalost\u00ed, prirodzen\u00fd jazyk, spracovanie hlasu&#8230;.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Z\u00e1kladn\u00e1 doska<\/h3>\n<p>Z\u00e1kladn\u00e1 doska \/mainboard, systemboard, motherboard, skr. mobo, MB \u2013 mati\u010dn\u00e1 doska\/ je z\u00e1kladnou \u010das\u0165ou po\u010d\u00edta\u010da, ktor\u00e1 navz\u00e1jom prep\u00e1ja \u010fal\u0161\u00ed jeho hardv\u00e9r. V\u00fdznamnou mierou tak ovplyv\u0148uje v\u00fdkon a stabilitu cel\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00edta\u010da.<br \/>\nNa z\u00e1kladnej doske sa nach\u00e1dza:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>socket <\/strong>= slot pre procesor alebo pre proceesory,<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u010dipset<\/strong> \u2013 s\u00fahrnn\u00fd pojem pre ozna\u010denie skupiny integrovan\u00fdch obvodov<\/li>\n<li><strong>sloty na pripojenie \u010fal\u0161\u00edch komponentov<\/strong> \u2013 grafickej, zvukovej, sie\u0165ovej, modemovej karty, diskov, pam\u00e4t\u00ed a podobne&#8230;<\/li>\n<li><strong>porty<\/strong> =rozhranie, interface \u2013 na pripojenie kl\u00e1vesnice my\u0161i, reproduktorov, mikrof\u00f3nu, tla\u010diarne<\/li>\n<li><strong>BIOS<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>konektory<\/strong> na nap\u00e1janie, bat\u00e9riu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 delenie z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch dosiek<\/strong>:<br \/>\npod\u013ea typu procesora, pre ktor\u00fd s\u00fa ur\u010den\u00e9<br \/>\npod\u013ea form\u00e1tu<br \/>\npod\u013ea po\u010dtu procesorov \u2013 jedno\/dvojprocesorov\u00e9 a viacprocesorov\u00e9<br \/>\npod\u013ea pou\u017e\u00edt\u00e9ho \u010dipsetu<\/p>\n<h2>Delenie z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch dosiek pod\u013ea form\u00e1tu \/form factor\/<\/h2>\n<p>Form\u00e1t z\u00e1kladnej dosky zah\u0155\u0148a v sebe rozmery, umiestnenie a po\u010det slotov pre pr\u00eddavn\u00e9 karty, pam\u00e4te, CPU, konektorov, mont\u00e1\u017enych otvorov, maxim\u00e1lnu povolen\u00fa v\u00fd\u0161ku jednotliv\u00fdch prid\u00e1van\u00fdch komonentov \/t\u00e1 z\u00e1vis\u00ed od poz\u00edcie\/ a nap\u00e1janie.<br \/>\n<strong><em>Najbe\u017enej\u0161ie form\u00e1ty<\/em><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>XT, AT<\/strong> \u2013 zastarali, u\u017e sa nevyr\u00e1baj\u00fa,<\/li>\n<li><strong>ATX<\/strong> \u2013 Advanced technology Extended<\/li>\n<li><strong>Barebone<\/strong> \u2013 miniat\u00farne z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 dosky s\u00fa zabudovan\u00e9 v primerane malej skrinke, v ktorej je zabudovan\u00fd aj zdroj<\/li>\n<li><strong>BTX<\/strong> \u2013 Balanced Technology Extended \u2013 zrejme do roku 2006 nahrad\u00ed ATX<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Mnoh\u00e9 z uveden\u00fdch form\u00e1tov maj\u00fa pred n\u00e1zvom predponu Mini, Micro, Flex, Nano, Pico \u2013 ide o z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 dosky s men\u0161\u00edmi rozmermi, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou s men\u0161\u00edmi po\u010dtami slotov pre pr\u00eddavn\u00e9 karty a in\u00fdm rozmiestnen\u00edm mont\u00e1\u017enych otvorov.<\/p>\n<h2>Delenie z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch dosiek pod\u013ea podporovan\u00e9ho procesora<\/h2>\n<p><strong>K<\/strong>a\u017ed\u00e1 zna\u010dka CPU a skoro ka\u017ed\u00fd typ procerosa potrebuje in\u00fd soket alebo slot. Na to je potrebn\u00e9 pr\u00ed v\u00fdbere procesora a z\u00e1kladnej dosky myslie\u0165. Nov\u00e9 sokety maj\u00fa v n\u00e1zve trojcifern\u00e9 \/zatia\u013e\/ \u010d\u00edslo, ktor\u00e9 ud\u00e1va po\u010det pinov \/alebo najnov\u0161ie kontaktn\u00fdch pl\u00f4\u0161ok\/ procesora.<\/p>\n<h2>\u010cipset<\/h2>\n<p>Pred form\u00e1tom ATX bolo na dosk\u00e1ch viacero logick\u00fdch obvodov, staraj\u00facich sa o prepojeneie procesora s pam\u00e4\u0165ou a v\u00fdstupno\/vst. zariadeniami. Boli dos\u0165 jednoduch\u00e9, zaoberali ve\u013ea miesta a mali aj relat\u00edvne ve\u013ek spotrebu. Tieto \u010dinnosti m\u00f4\u017ee vykon\u00e1vva\u0165 jeden alebo dva zlo\u017eitej\u0161ie \u010dipsety. CHIP set \u2013 \u010dipov\u00e1 sada je ozna\u010denie pre skupinu integrovan\u00fdch obvodov navrhnut\u00fdch tak, aby spolupraocovali. Okrem spory miesta a spotreby do\u0161lo aj n\u00e1rastu v\u00fdkonu, zapr\u00edi\u010dinen\u00e9ho skr\u00e1ten\u00edm vzdialenosti medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi \u010dipmi.<br \/>\n\u010cipset riadi tok d\u00e1t medzi procesorom, pam\u00e4tou a a zbernicami na z\u00e1kladnej doske.<br \/>\nM\u00f4\u017ee navy\u0161e nahr\u00e1dza\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ie komponenty, napr\u00edklad: zvukov\u00fa, grafick\u00fa, sie\u0165ov\u00fa kartu a modem. V s\u00faasn\u00fdch dosk\u00e1ch sa o to staraj\u00fa dva hlavn\u00e9 \u010dipsety:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Northbridge<\/strong> \u2013 pripojen\u00fd k CPU, k r\u00fdchlym komponentom \/AGP, PCI-Express, pam\u00e4\u0165, gigabitov\u00e1 sie\u0165ov\u00e1 karta\/ a k SouthBridge<\/li>\n<li><strong>Southbridge<\/strong> \u2013 pripojen\u00fd k ostatn\u00fdm \/pomal\u0161\u00edm\/ komponentom<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Zbernica \/BUS\/ a dvojbodob\u00e9 prepojenie<\/h2>\n<p>Zbernice a dvojbodov\u00e9 prepojenie \/point-to-point\/ s\u00fa z\u00e1kladom komunika\u010dnej \u0161trukt\u00fary PC. Na rozdiel od point-to-point prepojenia je zbernica prepojenie viacer\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed cez rovnak\u00e9 vodi\u010de. B\u00fdvaj\u00fa vyveden\u00e9 na konektory alebo sloty, cez ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 k n\u00edm prip\u00e1ja\u0165 zariadenie. Ich r\u00fdchlos\u0165 \/ud\u00e1van\u00e1 v MHz\/ a \u0161\u00edrka \/bit\/ ovplyv\u0148uje v\u00fdkon cel\u00e9ho PC.<br \/>\n\u010cinnos\u0165 zbern\u00edc a dvojbodov\u00fdch prepojen\u00ed riadi <strong>\u010dipset<\/strong>.<br \/>\n<strong>Zbernica obsahuje<\/strong> d\u00e1tovu, adresov\u00fa a riadiacu \u010das\u0165:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>d\u00e1tov\u00e1 \u010das\u0165<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 sl\u00fa\u017ei na prenos \u00fadajov medzi jednotlov\u00fdmi pripojen\u00fdmi zariadeniami<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>adresov\u00e1 \u010das\u0165<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 sl\u00fa\u017ei na identifik\u00e1ciu cie\u013eov\u00e9ho zariadenia pri prenose \u2013 je to d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, lebo na jednej zbernici existuje viacero zariaden\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>riadiaca \u010das\u0165<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 sl\u00fa\u017ei na synchroniz\u00e1ciu \u010dinnost\u00ed medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi zariadeniami.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Na z\u00e1kladnej doske sa m\u00f4\u017ee nach\u00e1dza\u0165 viacero zbern\u00edc. Niektor\u00e9 sl\u00fa\u017eia na prepojenie komponentov v po\u010d\u00edta\u010di in\u00e9 sl\u00fa\u017eia na prepojenie po\u010d\u00edta\u010da s extern\u00fdmi zariadeniami.<br \/>\n<strong>Typy zbern\u00edc<\/strong> \u2013 nie v\u0161etky v\u0161ak musia nutne na doske by\u0165<br \/>\n<strong>ISA <\/strong>\u2013 ne najstar\u0161\u00edm typom zbernice s ak\u00fdm sa aj ke\u010f zriedkavo e\u0161te mo\u017eno stretn\u00fa\u0165.<br \/>\n<strong>PCI<\/strong> \u2013 zbernica prip\u00e1ja k z\u00e1kladnej doske nielen roz\u0161iruj\u00face karty, ale aj integrovan\u00e9 obvody vstavan\u00e9 do z\u00e1kladnej dosky. PCI zariadenia s\u00fa plug and play \u2013 automaticky konfigurovan\u00e9<br \/>\n<strong>PCI-X<\/strong> &#8211; zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165<br \/>\n<strong>PCI-Express<\/strong> \u2013 n\u00e1hradou za v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti nedosta\u010duj\u00face zbeernice PCI a AGP. PCI-Express je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na o omnoho r\u00fdchlej\u0161ej s\u00e9riovej komunik\u00e1cii.<br \/>\n<strong>AGP <\/strong>\u2013 je point-to point kan\u00e1l na pripojenie grafickej arty k z\u00e1kladnej doske<br \/>\n<strong>SCSI<\/strong> \u2013je rozhranie pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 hlavne na pripojenie diskov, p\u00e1skov\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed&#8230;&#8230;<br \/>\n<strong>SATA<\/strong> \u2013 rozhranie na pripojenie diskov\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed \u2013 d\u00e1ta s\u00fa pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9 s\u00e9riovo<br \/>\n<strong>ATA \/PATA\/<\/strong> &#8211; rozhranie na pripojenie diskov\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed \u2013 d\u00e1ta s\u00fa pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9 paralelne<br \/>\n<strong>ACR <\/strong>\u2013 umo\u017e\u0148uje pripojenie roz\u0161iruj\u00facich kariet s audio adapt\u00e9rmi, sie\u0165ov\u00fdmi adapt\u00e9rmi a modemami. Nahradila AMR.<br \/>\n<strong>Extern\u00e9 porty<\/strong> \u2013 nie v\u0161etky musia nutne na doske by\u0165<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>s\u00e9riiov\u00e9 <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>modem, my\u0161<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>paraleln\u00e9<\/strong> \/tla\u010diare\u0148\/<br \/>\n\u0161\u00edrka prenosu je viac ako jeden bit<\/li>\n<li><strong>PS\/2<\/strong> \u2013 my\u0161 kl\u00e1vesnica<\/li>\n<li><strong>USB<\/strong> \u2013 Universal Serial Bus \u2013 univerz\u00e1ln\u00e1 s\u00e9riov\u00e1 zbernica<br \/>\numo\u017enuje pripojenie a\u017e 127 zariaden\u00ed<br \/>\npodpora Plug and Play<br \/>\nprenosov\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 a\u017e 12 Mb\/s<br \/>\nUSB 2.0 je prenosov\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 480 Mb\/s<br \/>\nmo\u017enos\u0165 pripoji\u0165 zariadenie po\u010das chodu PC<\/li>\n<li><strong>FireWire<\/strong> \u2013 \u0161tandart IEEE 1394<br \/>\nprenos 400 Mb\/s a 800 Mb\/s<br \/>\nmo\u017eno pripoji\u0165 63 zariaden\u00ed<\/li>\n<li><strong>Blue tooth<\/strong><br \/>\nprenos 1 MB\/s<br \/>\nbezdr\u00f4tov\u00e1 wireless technol\u00f3gia<br \/>\ndosah 10 m aj cez prek\u00e1\u017eky<br \/>\nvo verzii 2 dosahuje prenos 2,1 Mb\/s na vzdialenos\u0165 do 100 m<\/li>\n<li><strong>IrDA<\/strong><br \/>\nIrDA \u2013 Infrared Data Association \u2013 sl\u00fa\u017ei na bezdr\u00f4tov\u00e9 prepojenie zariaden\u00ed<br \/>\nna spojenie je nut\u00e1 kr\u00e1tka vzdialenos\u0165 a priama vidite\u013enos\u0165 alebo odraz od steny<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>BIOS \u2013 Basic Input Output system<\/h3>\n<p>BIOS je program alebo miniat\u00farny opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd tvor\u00ed d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nok medzi hardv\u00e9rom a opera\u010dn\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom. Umo\u017e\u0148uje opera\u010dn\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu komunikova\u0165 s hardv\u00e9rom. Je v \u0148om mo\u017en\u00e9 nastavi\u0165 vlastnosti pripojen\u00e9ho hardv\u00e9ru. Mus\u00ed sa nach\u00e1dza\u0165 na ka\u017edom PC.<br \/>\nProcesor (CPU central processing unit\/<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ia \u010das\u0165 PC \u2013 vykon\u00e1va v\u0161etky aritmetick\u00e9 a logick\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie v PC a riadi s\u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed PC.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Logick\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara procesora:<br \/>\nRJ \u2013 riadiaca jednotka m\u00e1 tri z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 funkcie:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>riadi poradie vykon\u00e1vania in\u0161trukci\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>dek\u00f3duje a modifikuje in\u0161trukcie progamu<\/li>\n<li>vysiela v\u0161etky riadiace sign\u00e1ly t\u00fdm blokom PC, ktor\u00e9 sa podie\u013eaj\u00fa na vykon\u00e1vanie in\u0161trukcie<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Aritmeticko-log jednotka \/ALU-unit\/ &#8211; vykon\u00e1va aritmetick\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie s cel\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslami a log oper\u00e1cie.<br \/>\nFPU jednotka \u2013 vykon\u00e1va v\u00fdpo\u010dty s desatinn\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslami , nebola v procesore \u2013 pred\u00e1vala sa v podobe matematick\u00e9ho koprocesora<br \/>\nRegistre \u2013 vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 ve\u013emi r\u00fdchle pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9 jednotky procesora, kam si uklad\u00e1 moment\u00e1lne spracovan\u00e9 d\u00e1ta \u2013 v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti 32-64 bitov\u00e9<br \/>\nPam\u00e4te cache<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>vyrovn\u00e1vacia pam\u00e4\u0165 \u2013 medzisklad d\u00e1t medzi r\u00f4zne r\u00fdchlimi komponentmi<\/li>\n<li>vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 cache \u2013intern\u00e1 cache 21 \u2013 integrovan\u00e1 priamo do procesora<\/li>\n<li>vonkaj\u0161ia cache \u2013 22 vonku niekedy aj vn\u00fatri<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 pojmy s\u00favisiace s \u010dinnos\u0165ou procesora<br \/>\n&#8211; procesor vykon\u00e1va in\u0161trukcie, ka\u017ed\u00e1 in\u0161trukcia pozost\u00e1va z k\u00f3du a d\u00e1tovej \u010dasti<br \/>\nK\u00f3d in\u0161trukcie : informuje procesor o tom, \u010do sa m\u00e1 vykona\u0165 a d\u00e1tov\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 ur\u010duje s ak\u00fdmi d\u00e1tami \/ak nejak\u00e9 s\u00fa\/.<br \/>\nJadrom ka\u017ed\u00e9ho procesora je logick\u00fd obvod, ktor\u00fd obsahuje in\u0161truk\u010dn\u00fa sadu \u2013 je to s\u00fabor mikroin\u0161trukci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 vie procesor vykon\u00e1va\u0165.<br \/>\nPod\u013ea typu in\u0161truk\u010dnej sady sa dve s\u00faperiace koncepcie delia na procesory:<br \/>\nCISC \u2013 s kompletnou in\u0161truk\u010dnou sadou \u2013 spracov\u00e1va ka\u017ed\u00fa in\u0161trukciu<br \/>\nNev\u00fdhoda \u2013 \u010dasovo n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9, uplatnenie pri osobn\u00fdch PC \/Intel, AMD, &#8230;\/<br \/>\nRISC \u2013 s redukovanou in\u0161truk\u010dnou sadou \u2013 r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie ako CISC \u2013 pri ve\u013ek\u00fdch a jedno\u00fa\u010delov\u00fdch PC<br \/>\nIn\u0161truk\u010dn\u00e1 sada \u2013 mno\u017eina jednotliv\u00fdch in\u0161trukci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 procesor dok\u00e1\u017ee spracova\u0165. V s\u00fabore in\u0161trukci\u00ed nov\u00fdch procesorov sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa in\u0161trukcie typu SIMD \/1 in\u0161trukcia \u2013 viacn\u00e1sobn\u00e9 d\u00e1ta\/. Najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie tak\u00e9to roz\u0161\u00edrenia s\u00fa MMX, 3D Now!, , SSG Intel<br \/>\n<strong>Syst\u00e9m preru\u0161enia<\/strong><br \/>\nKe\u010f hardv\u00e9rov\u00e9 zariadenie vy\u017eaduje obsluhu procesora, vy\u0161le procesoru sign\u00e1l, ktor\u00fdm ho o to po\u017eiada. Sign\u00e1l preru\u0161enia je sign\u00e1lnou \u010das\u0165ou zbernice??? Ka\u017ed\u00e9 preru\u0161enie je identifikovan\u00e9 svojim \u010d\u00edslom. Na ur\u010ditom mieste v opera\u010dnej pam\u00e4ti je ulo\u017een\u00e1 tabu\u013eka vektorov preru\u0161ovania. Vektor ka\u017ed\u00e9ho preru\u0161enia ukazuje na adresu v opera\u010dnej pam\u00e4ti, kde sa nach\u00e1dza pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd obslu\u017en\u00fd program na spracovanie preru\u0161enia. Tak\u00fdto program potom procesor spust\u00ed. Predt\u00fdm si v\u0161ak zapam\u00e4t\u00e1 svoj posledn\u00fd stav a najm\u00e4 adresu nasleduj\u00facej in\u0161trukcie, aby sa mohol po skon\u010den\u00ed obslu\u017en\u00e9ho programu vr\u00e1ti\u0165 k preru\u0161enej pr\u00e1ci.<br \/>\n<strong>Frekvencia<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>elektronick\u00e9 obvody, ktor\u00e9 tvoria mikroprocesory potrebuj\u00fa taktovacie impulzy, ktor\u00e9 ur\u010duj\u00fa pracovn\u00e9 tempo = frekvencia<\/li>\n<li>ka\u017ed\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00e1 doska mus\u00ed obsahova\u0165 gener\u00e1tor taktovac\u00edch impulzov<\/li>\n<li>frekvencia sa ud\u00e1va v Hz \u2013 po\u010det taktov\/s<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>FSB \u2013 je r\u00fdchlos\u0165 ako CPU komunikuje s opera\u010dnou pam\u00e4\u0165ou.<br \/>\nR\u00fdchlos\u0165 procesora je podmienen\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou FSB a n\u00e1sobi\u010dom.<br \/>\nJoverclocking \u2013 pretaktovanie, pou\u017e\u00edva sa aj pri procesoroch na grafick\u00fdch kart\u00e1ch \u2013 zv\u00fd\u0161enie jednej alebo druhej hodnoty zvy\u0161uje v\u00fdkon PC.<br \/>\nTechnol\u00f3gie na umo\u017enenie pretaktovania:<br \/>\nDynamic Averclocking Technology \u2013 aj nad r\u00e1mec<br \/>\nCMOS Reloaded<br \/>\nAMD Cool\u00b4n Quick \u2013 umo\u017e\u0148uje zv\u00fd\u0161enie L, ale len to tej miery, ako je stanoven\u00e1 v\u00fdrobcom<br \/>\nKomunik\u00e1cia procesor \u2013 pam\u00e4\u0165 -&gt; procesory Intel komunikuj\u00fa s pam\u00e4\u0165ami cez NorthBridge ale procesory AMD priamo. M\u00f4\u017eu komunikova\u0165 s pam\u00e4\u0165ami naraz \/technol\u00f3gia Dual channel\/.<\/p>\n<h2>Ur\u00fdchlenie spracovania in\u0161trukci\u00ed<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>kedysi mikroprocesory spracov\u00e1vali in\u0161trukcie sekven\u010dne<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Pr\u00fadov\u00e9 spracov\u00e1vanie in\u0161trukci\u00ed \u2013 pipelining<\/h2>\n<p>spracov\u00e1van\u00e1 in\u0161trukcia sa rozlo\u017e\u00ed vo viacero f\u00e1z. V ka\u017edej f\u00e1ze spracov\u00e1vania in\u0161trukci\u00ed sa vyu\u017e\u00edva in\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 procesora. To umo\u017e\u0148uje s\u00fa\u010dastn\u00e9 vykon\u00e1vanie jednotliv\u00fdch f\u00e1z in\u0161trukci\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 in\u0161trukcia sa v danom takte nahr\u00e1dza v inej f\u00e1ze spracovania.<br \/>\nSuperskal\u00e1rna architekt\u00fara \u2013 umo\u017e\u0148uje paraleln\u00e9 spracovanie in\u0161trukci\u00ed v CPU<br \/>\nHyper \u2013 Threading \u2013 CPU sa tv\u00e1ri ako keby obsahoval dve jadr\u00e1<br \/>\nPreh\u013ead delenia procesorov:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o procesore<\/li>\n<li>r\u00fdchlosti \u2013 \u201eP\u201crating<\/li>\n<li>fyzik\u00e1lne charakteristiky<\/li>\n<li>vyhotoveie \/Packaging\/<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u201eP\u201crating<\/strong> \u2013 pri ozna\u010deni\u00ed \/v n\u00e1zve\/ v niektor\u00fdch procesorov AMD vystupuje ich skuto\u010dn\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 ako odvoden\u00e1 hodnota ud\u00e1vaj\u00faca s ak\u00fdmi r\u00fdchlymi Intel procesormi je dan\u00fd procesor porovnate\u013en\u00fd. Znak \u201e+\u201c v n\u00e1zve ud\u00e1va, \u017ee nejde o skuto\u010dn\u00fa frekvenciu.<br \/>\n<strong>Vyhotovenie <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>po\u010det kontaktov<\/li>\n<li>pou\u017eitie typu soketu alebo typu slotu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>Extern\u00e1 architekt\u00fara<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 napr. schopnos\u0165 pracova\u0165 v multiprocesorov\u00fdch zostav\u00e1ch, ve\u013ekos\u0165, r\u00fdchlos\u0165 externej cache,&#8230;<br \/>\n<strong><em>Intern\u00e1 architekt\u00fara<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 po\u010det jadier, po\u010det ALU, pipelining, ve\u013ekos\u0165 a r\u00fdchlos\u0165 internej cache<\/p>\n<h2>Porovnanie v\u00fdkonu procesorov<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>prostredn\u00edctvom testov, ktor\u00e9 ud\u00e1vaj\u00fa v\u00fdkon v MIPS \/Drystone\/, v MFLOPS \/Whetstone\/ a SPEC \/Benchmark\/&#8230;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Pam\u00e4te<\/h4>\n<p>Pojem pam\u00e4\u0165 je viacv\u00fdznamov\u00fd a m\u00f4\u017ee sa viaza\u0165 k rozli\u010dn\u00fdm \u010dastiam po\u010d\u00edta\u010da, preto\u017ee po\u010d\u00edta\u010d vyu\u017e\u00edva r\u00f4zne druhy pam\u00e4t\u00ed. <strong>Pam\u00e4te sl\u00fa\u017eia na ulo\u017eenie \/zaznamenanie\/ inform\u00e1ci\u00ed a in\u0161trikci\u00ed vstupuj\u00facich do po\u010d\u00edta\u010da, medziv\u00fdsledkov, v\u00fdstupn\u00fdch \u00fadajov, ale aj grafick\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/strong> Pam\u00e4te sa zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa v po\u010d\u00edta\u010di nezastupite\u013en\u00fa \u00falohu. M\u00e1lo pam\u00e4te, pr\u00edpadne jej n\u00edzka r\u00fdchlos\u0165 m\u00f4\u017ee \u00faplne degradova\u0165 v\u00fdkon inak dobr\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00edta\u010da.<br \/>\nDelenie pam\u00e4t\u00ed pod\u013ea vz\u0165ahu k PC:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 \/ pr\u00edm\u00e1rne<\/strong> \u2013 opera\u010dn\u00e1 \/hlavn\u00e1, vn\u00fatorn\u00e1\/ pam\u00e4t<\/li>\n<li><strong>vonkaj\u0161ie\/sekund\u00e1rne<\/strong> \u2013 HDD, FDD, CD, DVD,..<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Delenie pam\u00e4t\u00ed po\u013ea funkcie \/vz\u0165ahu k procesoru\/:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>opera\u010dn\u00e1 pam\u00e4\u0165<\/strong> \u2013 obsahuje in\u0161trukcie a d\u00e1ta, s priamym pr\u00edstupom pod\u013ea adresy, procesor pracuje s jej inform\u00e1ciami<\/li>\n<li><strong>vonkaj\u0161ie ve\u013ekokapacitn\u00e9 pam\u00e4te<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>vyrovn\u00e1vacie pam\u00e4te<\/strong> \u2013 CACHE<\/li>\n<li><strong>registre<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>z\u00e1sobn\u00edk \/stack\/<\/strong> &#8211; funguje na princ\u00edpe LIFO. M\u00f4\u017ee by organizovan\u00fd aj na adresovanej pam\u00e4ti<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fronta<\/strong> \u2013 princ\u00edp FIFO. Princ\u00edp je zhodn\u00fd s princ\u00edpom posuvn\u00e9ho registra.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>LIFO \u2013 Last in first out FIFO \u2013 First in first out<br \/>\nDelenie pam\u00e4t\u00ed pod\u013ea z\u00e1vislosti od nap\u00e1jania:<br \/>\nVyu\u017eitie pam\u00e4t\u00ed ako aj ich \u010dinnos\u0165 je ovplyvnen\u00e9 z\u00e1vislos\u0165ou od nap\u00e1jania. Na z\u00e1klade tejto skuto\u010dnosti m\u00f4\u017eeme pam\u00e4te deli\u0165:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>na energeticky z\u00e1visl\u00e9 \/volatile memory\/<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>na energeticky nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 \/non-volatile memory\/<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Delenie pam\u00e4t\u00ed pod\u013ea mo\u017enosti zmeni\u0165 obsah pam\u00e4te:<br \/>\nMo\u017enos\u0165 zmeni\u0165 obsah pam\u00e4te je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm krit\u00e9riom pri jej v\u00fdbere. Niekedy je nutn\u00e9 zabezpe\u010di\u0165 nemennos\u0165 d\u00e1t, inokedy je vhodn\u00e9 d\u00e1ta zmaza\u0165, pr\u00edpadne nahradi\u0165 in\u00fdmi.<br \/>\n&#8211; <strong>Neprepisovate\u013en\u00e9 pam\u00e4te \/non-erasable memory\/<\/strong>. Neprepisovate\u013en\u00e9 pam\u00e4te s\u00fa z\u00e1rove\u0148 energeticky nez\u00e1visl\u00e9.<br \/>\n&#8211; ROM \/Read Only Memory\/. Pam\u00e4te typu ROM sl\u00fa\u017eia len na \u010d\u00edtanie. V pr\u00edpade \u010dipov ide v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou o \u00fadaje zap\u00edsan\u00e9 v\u00fdrobcom hardv\u00e9ru v pr\u00edpade m\u00e9di\u00ed CD-R, DVD-R aj be\u017en\u00fdm u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom.<br \/>\n&#8211; <strong>Prepisovate\u013en\u00e9 pam\u00e4te, RWM \/Read Write Memory<\/strong>\/. P\u00f4vodn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie v pam\u00e4ti m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 prep\u00edsan\u00e9 nov\u00fdmi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>EPROM \/ Erasable Programmable ROM\/\u2013<\/strong> \u010dipy, do ktor\u00fdch je mo\u017en\u00e9 zapisova\u0165 opakovane, ale v\u017edy treba najsk\u00f4r vymaza\u0165 d\u00e1ta pomocou UV \u017eiarenia.<\/li>\n<li><strong>EEPROM \/Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM<\/strong>\/ \u2013 je mo\u017en\u00e9 prepisova\u0165 \u00fadaje priamo<\/li>\n<li><strong>Flash memory<\/strong> \u2013 podobn\u00e9 EEPROM ale r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie, v PC hlavne BIOS<\/li>\n<li>Do tejto kateg\u00f3rie patria napr\u00edklad aj <strong>disky, diskety<\/strong> alebo <strong>CD-RW, DVD-RW.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Delenie pam\u00e4t\u00ed pod\u013ea mechanizmu pr\u00edstupu k \u00fadajom zap\u00edsan\u00fdch v pam\u00e4ti:<br \/>\nV z\u00e1vislosti od sp\u00f4sobu pr\u00edstupu k \u00fadajom, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 v pam\u00e4ti je mo\u017en\u00e9 rozli\u0161ova\u0165 pam\u00e4te so sekven\u010dn\u00fdm a n\u00e1hodn\u00fdm pr\u00edstupom:<br \/>\n<strong>SAM \/Sequential Access Memory\/<\/strong> na lokalizovanie miesta, kde sa inform\u00e1cia fyzicky nach\u00e1dza je potrebn\u00e9 postupn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edtanie, t. j. vzdialenej\u0161ie \u00fadaje maj\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu pr\u00edstupov\u00fa dobu.<br \/>\n<strong>RAM \/Random Access Memory\/<\/strong> &#8211; Ka\u017ed\u00e1 pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e1 bunka je priamo adresovate\u013en\u00e1, nemus\u00ed sa vyh\u013ead\u00e1va\u0165, to znamen\u00e1 \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd \u00fadaj \/pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e1 bunka\/ je dosiahnute\u013en\u00fd v rovnakom \u010dase. Pam\u00e4te typu RAM sa delia na:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Static RAM \/SRAM\/<\/strong> &#8211; Statick\u00e9 pam\u00e4te sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v registroch cache. S\u00fa r\u00fdchle a drah\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dynamic RAM \/DRAM\/<\/strong> &#8211; obsah dynamickej pam\u00e4te mus\u00ed by\u0165 obnovovan\u00fd \/refresh\/. Dynamick\u00e9 pam\u00e4te s\u00fa pomal\u0161ie a energeticky n\u00e1ro\u010dnej\u0161ie, ale lacnej\u0161ie ako SRAM.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>CAM <\/strong>\u2013 pod\u013ea obsahu<br \/>\nDELENIE pam\u00e4t\u00ed pod\u013ea vz\u0165ahu r\u00fdchlosti pam\u00e4te k r\u00fdchlosti procesora FSB:<br \/>\n<strong><em>&#8211; Asynchr\u00f3nne<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 <strong>asynchronuous DRAM \/DRAM\/,<\/strong> asynchr\u00f3nne znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ich r\u00fdchlos\u0165 nie je odvoden\u00e1 od r\u00fdchlosti externej zbernice procesora \/FSB\/.<br \/>\nPatrili tu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fast Page Mode \/FPM DRAM\/<\/li>\n<li>Extended Data Out \/EDO DRAM\/<\/li>\n<li>Burst Extended Data Out \/BEDO DRAM\/.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>&#8211; Synchr\u00f3nne<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 <strong>Synchronous DRAM \/SDRAM\/,<\/strong> synchr\u00f3nne pam\u00e4te s\u00fa sp\u00e4t\u00e9 so syst\u00e9mov\u00fdmi hodinami a zo za\u010diatku nepredstavovali v\u00fdkonnostn\u00fd n\u00e1rast oproti EDO \u010di BEDO pam\u00e4tiam. D\u00f4vod: maxim\u00e1lna r\u00fdchlos\u0165 syst\u00e9movej zbernice 66 MHz. K v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu rozdielu vo v\u00fdkonnosti \/+50 %\/ medzi nimi do\u0161lo a\u017e po pr\u00edchode 100 MHz zbern\u00edc. K \u010fal\u0161iemu n\u00e1rastu v\u00fdkonnosti pri\u0161lo v roku 2000, zaveden\u00edm <strong>Double data rate SDRAM<\/strong> \/DDR SDRAM\/, ktor\u00e1 m\u00e1 oproti star\u0161ej verzii dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00fd prenos d\u00e1t pri rovnakej frekvencii. D\u00e1ta sa toti\u017e pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa aj po n\u00e1behovej aj po zostupnej hrane sign\u00e1lu. Pre rozl\u00ed\u0161enie sa star\u0161ia verzia za\u010dala ozna\u010dova\u0165 <strong>Single data rate SDRAM<\/strong> \/SDR SDRAM\/. V roku 2005<br \/>\n<strong>QDR \/QUAD DATA RATE\/ &#8211; <\/strong>samostatn\u00e9 vstupy a v\u00fdstupy, vyu\u017e\u00edva sa pri routroch a svitchoch \/zariadenia ktor\u00e9 potrebuj\u00fa naraz \u010d\u00edta\u0165 aj p\u00edsa\u0165 do pam\u00e4te\/.<br \/>\n<strong><em>Pod\u013ea kon\u0161truk\u010dn\u00e9ho rie\u0161enia: <\/em><\/strong>v minulosti boli pam\u00e4te zabudovan\u00e9 priamo do z\u00e1kladnej dosky. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti ke\u010f nastala v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia potreba ma\u0165 oper. am\u00e4\u0165 st\u00e1le v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu, sa na z\u00e1klade kon\u0161truk\u010dn\u00e9ho rie\u0161enia delia na:<br \/>\nSIMM \u2013 nevyr\u00e1baj\u00fa sa, vyr\u00e1bali sa v 8, 32 bitovej verzii. Ke\u010f sa zvy\u0161ovala ve\u013ekos\u0165 zbernice, museli by\u0165 2 zbernice obsaden\u00e9<br \/>\nDIMM- 64 bitov\u00e1 \u0161\u00edrka<br \/>\nRIMM- boli r\u00fdchle ale extr. drah\u00e9, 16 bitov\u00e9, kr\u00e1tka existencia, RAMBUSY<\/p>\n<h2>Princ\u00edp fungovania RAM<\/h2>\n<p>Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 parametre pam\u00e4t\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>ve\u013ekos\u0165\/kapacita\/ &#8211;<\/em><\/strong>meria sa v bitoch, \u010d\u00edm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie t\u00fdm lep\u0161ie<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>r\u00fdchlos\u0165- \u201ed\u00e1tov\u00e1 priepustnos\u0165\u201c <\/em><\/strong>ko\u013eko bitov za sekundu je schopn\u00fd vysla\u0165 modul vo frekvencii v MHz<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>latencia-<\/em><\/strong> skratka CL 2 \/ 2.5 \/ 3 \u2013 oneskorenie pam\u00e4te, ako dlho \u2013 ko\u013eko cyklov trv\u00e1, medzi odoslanou po\u017eiadavkou \/\u010d\u00edtanie, z\u00e1pis\/ a skuto\u010dn\u00fdm na\u010d\u00edtan\u00edm \/z\u00e1pisom\/<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>ecc- <\/em><\/strong>ERROR CONECTING CODE \u2013 dok\u00e1\u017ee ur\u010dit\u00fd po\u010det ch\u00fdb napravi\u0165<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>chladenie<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 je vhodn\u00e9 pri pretaktov\u00e1van\u00ed&#8230;pas\u00edvne chladi\u010de \u2013 hlinn\u00edkov\u00e9 alebo meden\u00e9&#8230;.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Extern\u00e9 a sekund\u00e1rne pam\u00e4te \/z\u00e1znamov\u00e9 zariadenia\/<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pevn\u00e9 disky HDD, diskety FDD, CD ROM, DVD,&#8230;<\/li>\n<li>sl\u00fa\u017eia na odkladanie \/z\u00e1lohovanie, archiv\u00e1ciu\/ \u00fadajov a programov<\/li>\n<li>uchovaj\u00fa inform\u00e1cie aj po vypnut\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010da<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Disk HDD \u2013 Hard Disk Drive \/pevn\u00fd disk\/<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>kot\u00fa\u010d, pokryt\u00fd magnetickou vrstvou \u2013 m\u00f4\u017ee ich by\u0165 viac<\/li>\n<li>magnetick\u00e9 hlavy na ramienkach, motor\u010dek a elektronika<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pevn\u00e9 disky maj\u00fa tvar kot\u00fa\u010da pokryt\u00e9ho mangetickou vrstvou s rozmermi: <strong>3.5\u201c,<\/strong> 2.5\u201c a star\u0161ie 5.25\u201c, niekedy 8\u201c \/vysokokapacitn\u00e9\/ alebo 2\u201c \/pre prenosn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de\/. Kompletn\u00fd disk je v\u017edy tvoren\u00fd viac ne\u017e jedn\u00fdm kot\u00fa\u010dom, najmenej dvoma, ale tie\u017e \u0161tyrmi aj viac kot\u00fa\u010dmi. <strong>Inform\u00e1cie sa ukladaj\u00fa obojstranne, pri\u010dom vonkaj\u0161\u00ed horn\u00fd a vn\u00fatorn\u00fd doln\u00fd nie je vyu\u017eit\u00fd.<\/strong> Disk tvoren\u00fd napr. \u0161tyrmi kotr\u00fa\u010dmi m\u00e1 teda \u0161es\u0165 akt\u00edvnych z\u00e1znamov\u00fdch povrchov a ka\u017ed\u00fd povrch m\u00e1 svoju \u010d\u00edtaciu a z\u00e1znamov\u00fa magnetick\u00fa hlavu. Disk je aj s hlavami <strong>prachotesne uzatvoren\u00fd v puzdre<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 ho chr\u00e1ni pred prachom. <strong>Hlavy toti\u017e pl\u00e1vaj\u00fa na vzduchovom vank\u00fa\u0161i<\/strong> nad plat\u0148ami vo vzdialenosti asi dvetis\u00edckr\u00e1t men\u0161ej ako je hr\u00fabka vlasu. U\u017e aj odtla\u010dom prsta na platni m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 hav\u00e1riu.<br \/>\n<strong> Usporiadanie d\u00e1t na disku<\/strong><br \/>\nKa\u017ed\u00fd kot\u00fa\u010d obsahuje ur\u010dit\u00fd po\u010det <strong>s\u00fastredn\u00fdch kru\u017en\u00edc<\/strong>, naz\u00fdvaj\u00facich sa <strong>stopy. Stopy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa na jednotliv\u00fdch kot\u00fa\u010doch nad sebou, tvoria cylinder.<\/strong> Cylindrov je to\u013eko, ko\u013eko je st\u00f4p na jednej platni. <strong>Ka\u017ed\u00e1 stopa je rozdelen\u00e1<\/strong>, podobne ako ke\u010f kr\u00e1jame tortu, na sektory. Jeden sektor m\u00e1 \u0161tandardne <strong>obsah 512 bytov.<\/strong> Z h\u013eadiska opera\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov a ich s\u00faborov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 <strong>sektory zoskupovan\u00e9 do aloka\u010dn\u00fdch jednotiek &#8211; \/cluster\/.<\/strong> Jeden cluster m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 kapacitu 512 B a\u017e 64 KB.<br \/>\n<strong>Prenos \u00fadajov<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Ke\u010f pr\u00edde disku po\u017eiadavka na d\u00e1ta, ak sa platne neto\u010dia, elektronika ich rozto\u010d\u00ed. Potom sa hlavy vysun\u00fa nad stopu a ke\u010f sa pod hlavami ocitne po\u017eadovan\u00fd sektor, za\u010dne proces \u010d\u00edtania alebo zapisovania<\/strong>. V re\u00e1li b\u00fdva v\u0161ak \u010dastej\u0161ie, \u017ee ke\u010f u\u017e je na mieste precit\u00e1 obsah celej stopy \/\u010di v\u0161etk\u00fdch st\u00f4p na cylindri.\/. to, \u010do bolo pre\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 navy\u0161e ulo\u017e\u00ed do cache, pre pr\u00edpad, \u017ee by pri\u0161li po\u017eiadavky na d\u00e1ta z nasleduj\u00facich sektorov.<br \/>\n<strong>NCQ \/native Command Queuing<\/strong>\/ je technol\u00f3gia, ktor\u00e1 m\u00e1 za \u00falohu <strong>optimalizova\u0165 pr\u00e1cu disku<\/strong>. Pri nahromaden\u00ed po\u017eiadaviek disk priebe\u017ene vyhodnocuje, kde m\u00e1 \u010d\u00edta\u0165 \u010di zapisova\u0165 a pru\u017ene men\u00ed poradie oper\u00e1ci\u00ed, \u010do minimalizuje pres\u00favanie hl\u00e1v, a teda skracuje celkov\u00fa dobu vybavovania po\u017eiadaviek. <strong>NCQ je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 len na plnohodnotn\u00fdch SATA diskoch.<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Parametre ovplyv\u0148uj\u00face v\u00fdber disku:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Kapacita<\/strong>. Disky maj\u00fa v skuto\u010dnosti miesto pre \u00fadaje men\u0161ie ako je na nich uveden\u00e9. \u010cas\u0165 kapacity toti\u017e zaber\u00fa pre seba, kde si ukladaj\u00fa popis rozmiestnenia jednotliv\u00fdch s\u00faborov a adres\u00e1rov. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm faktorom znamenaj\u00facim rozdiel v o\u010dak\u00e1vanej kapacite je marketingov\u00fd \u0165ah predajcov diskov, uv\u00e1dzaj\u00facich ve\u013ekos\u0165 disku tzv. decim\u00e1lnej diefin\u00edcii GB<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00fdchlos\u0165 disku.<\/strong> Rozli\u0161ujeme intern\u00fa a extern\u00fa r\u00fdchlos\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">intern\u00e1<\/span><\/em><\/strong>: ako dlho trv\u00e1 disku od prijatia po\u017eiadavky po jej vybavenie. Hlavn\u00e9 parametre s\u00fa:<\/li>\n<li>premern\u00e1 vyh\u013ead\u00e1vacia doba \u2013 je \u010das potrebn\u00fd na vystavenie hlavi\u010diek nad po\u017eadovan\u00fa stopu<\/li>\n<li>doba n\u00e1behu<\/li>\n<li>priemern\u00fd \u010das na presun hlavi\u010diek zo stopy na stopu<\/li>\n<li>priemern\u00fd \u010das prepnutia medzi hlavi\u010dkami<\/li>\n<li>pr\u00edstupov\u00e1 doba \u2013 najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ia hodnota. Je to s\u00fa\u010det v\u0161etkk\u00fdch \u010dasov<\/li>\n<li>po\u010det ot\u00e1\u010dok \u2013 priemern\u00e9 disky maj\u00fa 7200 ot.\/min, r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie 10 000 ot.\/min. alebo 15 000 ot.\/min a star\u00e9 5 400 ot.\/min<\/li>\n<li>cache sa pohybuje be\u017ene od 2 do 8 MB<\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Extern\u00e1<\/span><\/em><\/strong> \u2013ako dlho trv\u00e1 celov\u00e9 vybavenie po\u017eiadavky, z\u00e1vis\u00ed aj od pou\u017e\u00edt\u00e9ho typu zbernice a rozhrania<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Typ rozhrania<\/strong> \u2013 PATA, SATA, SCSI \/tu mo\u017eno prida\u0165 viacero zariaden\u00ed, nahradzuje sa SAS\/<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hustota z\u00e1znamu<\/strong> \u2013 pri danej kapacite, \u010d\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161ia hustota z\u00e1znamu, t\u00fdm men\u0161ia plocha a presuny hl\u00e1v si vy\u017eaduj\u00fa menej \u010dasu<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ve\u013ekos\u0165 <\/strong>5\u201c disky s\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edvanej\u0161ie, 2.5\u201c vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa hlavne notebooky<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cena, cena za MB<\/strong> \u2013 \u010d\u00edm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed disk, t\u00fdm je cena za MB ni\u017e\u0161ia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Hlu\u010dnos\u0165, spotreba, tepeln\u00e1 strata<\/h2>\n<p><strong> RAID<\/strong><br \/>\nViacero diskov m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 zapojen\u00fdch do tzv. RAID-u \/Redundant Arrays of Enexpensive\/Independents Disks\/. Rob\u00ed ta to z dvoch d\u00f4vodov:<br \/>\n<strong>Zv\u00fd\u0161enia r\u00fdchosti<\/strong> \u2013 ak s\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edt\u00e9 dva disky a je na oba je mo\u017en\u00e9 zapisova\u0165 naraz, mo\u017eno na prv\u00fd zap\u00edsa\u0165 polovicu, na druh\u00fd zvy\u0161ok \u2013 Strippping \/prekladanie\/. Nev\u00fdhodou je, \u017ee ak sa pokaz\u00ed jeden z diskov, pr\u00eddeme o v\u0161etky \u00fadaje, lebo polovica d\u00e1t je v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou samostatne nepou\u017eite\u013en\u00e1.<br \/>\n<strong>Zabezpe\u010denie proti strate \u00fadajov<\/strong>. Ak m\u00e1me dva disky a na ka\u017ed\u00fd zapisujeme to ist\u00e9, potom pri zlyhan\u00ed jedn\u00e9ho disku nepr\u00eddeme o \u017eiadne d\u00e1ta. Mirroring \/zrkadlenie\/. Nev\u00fdhodou je dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00e1 cena.<br \/>\n<strong> Diskety, disketov\u00e9 mechaniky<\/strong><br \/>\nDisketa FDD \u2013 floppy disk drive, kedysi 5,25\u201c, 360 KB, 1.2 MB, dnes iba 3,5\u201c, 1,44 MB<br \/>\nDiskety funguj\u00fa na podobnom princ\u00edpe ako disky, len s\u00fa pomal\u0161ie maj\u00fa ni\u017e\u0161iu kapacitu a s\u00fa omnoho n\u00e1chylnej\u0161ie na po\u0161kodenie. Vznikli hlavne z d\u00f4vodu pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 a z\u00e1lohova\u0165 d\u00e1ta a programy medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi po\u010d\u00edta\u010dmi. Diskety s\u00fa ale postupne nahradzovan\u00e9 modernej\u0161\u00edmi prostriedkami ako s\u00fa CD a USB k\u013e\u00fa\u010de.<br \/>\nV s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa 3,5\u201c palcov\u00e9 diskety. Obsahuj\u00fa len jeden obojstrann\u00fd kot\u00fa\u010d, na ka\u017eden strane je 80 st\u00f4p po 18 sektorov.<br \/>\n<strong> CD \/compact disc\/<\/strong><br \/>\nKlasick\u00e9 CD m\u00e1 priemerom 12 cm 650 a 700 MB \/74 a 80 min\/. CD sa vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa z priesvitn\u00e9ho polykarobn\u00e1tov\u00e9ho plastu v hr\u00fabke 1,2 mm, na ktorom je tenu\u010dk\u00e1 kovov\u00e1 vrstva obsahuj\u00faca d\u00e1ta. Na nej je vrstva laku na ktorej sa m\u00f4\u017ee nach\u00e1dza\u0165 potla\u010d. <strong>D\u00e1ta s\u00fa umiestnen\u00e9 na \u0161pir\u00e1le vo forme jam\u00f4k \/pit\/.<\/strong> Plocha bez jam\u00f4k sa naz\u00fdva land. Na \u010d\u00edtanie d\u00e1t ulo\u017een\u00fdch v pitoch sa pou\u017e\u00edva las\u00e9r.<br \/>\nCD m\u00f4\u017eeme deli\u0165 pod\u013ea mo\u017enosti zmeny \u00fadajov:<br \/>\nCD \u2013 ROM \u2013-&gt; je mo\u017en\u00e9 z nich iba \u010d\u00edta\u0165<br \/>\nCD-R \u2013&gt; je mo\u017en\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie raz zap\u00edsa\u0165<br \/>\nCD-RW \u2013&gt; prepisovate\u013en\u00e9, umo\u017enuj\u00fa op\u00e4tovn\u00e9 vypa\u013eovanie.<br \/>\nDVD<br \/>\nZachovali si rozmery klasick\u00e9ho CD. M\u00e1 ale vy\u0161\u0161iu kapacitu \/verzia DVD-5\/ 4,7 GB docielen\u00fa zmen\u0161en\u00edm vzdialenosti medzi dr\u00e1\u017ekami a zmen\u0161en\u00edm ve\u013ekosti pitu.<br \/>\nM\u00e9dium m\u00f4\u017eeme deli\u0165 podobne ako pri CD pod\u013ea mo\u017enosti zmeny \u00fadajov:<br \/>\nDVD-ROM<br \/>\nDVD+R\/RW<br \/>\nDVD-R\/RW<br \/>\nDVD-RAM<br \/>\nOzna\u010denie plus a m\u00ednus predstavuje dva rozli\u010dn\u00e9 technick\u00e9 \u0161tandardy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa do ur\u010ditej miery kompatibiln\u00e9. Ofici\u00e1lny \u0161tandard DVD-R\/RW vytvorilo DVD F\u00f3rum, ktor\u00e9 bolo zalo\u017een\u00e9 v apr\u00edli roku 97. Ceny za licencovanie tejto technol\u00f3gie boli nato\u013eko vysok\u00e9, \u017ee vznikla in\u00e1 skupina DVD+RW Alliance, ktor\u00e1 vytvorila \u0161tandard DVD+R\/RW, ktor\u00e9ho licencovanie bolo lacnej\u0161ie.<br \/>\nDelenie pod\u013ea mno\u017estva ulo\u017een\u00fdch d\u00e1t:<br \/>\nDVD-5<br \/>\nDVD \u2013 9 \u2013dve vrstvy \/Dual Layer, peto sa \u010dasto aj ozna\u010duje DVD+R DL\/<br \/>\nDVD \u2013 10 \u2013dve strany<br \/>\nDVD- 1 dve vrstvy aj strany<\/p>\n<h2>Blue Ray, HD-DVD<\/h2>\n<p>Blue Ray a HD-DVD (high definition DVD\/ s\u00fa bud\u00facou gener\u00e1ciou optick\u00fdh diskov, umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00faca z\u00e1znam HD videa. Technol\u00f3gia Blue Ray je pomenovan\u00e1 pod\u013ea farby pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho lasera. Modr\u00fd laser m\u00e1 krat\u0161iu vlnov\u00fa d\u013a\u017eku ako \u010derven\u00e9 lasery pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pri Cd a DVD.<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9 karty<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>S pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdmi kartami sa po\u010d\u00edtalo ako s n\u00e1stupcom diskiet \u2013 s\u00fa men\u0161ie a r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie, bez mechanick\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed, maj\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu kapacitu a dlh\u0161iu \u017eivotnos\u0165 maj\u00fa ale <strong>aj dve ve\u013ek\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody: Je ich ve\u013ea druhov a zariadenia, ku ktor\u00fdm sa prip\u00e1jaj\u00fa nie s\u00fa navz\u00e1jom kompatibiln\u00e9 a nevyskytuj\u00fa sa \u0161ttandardne na po\u010d\u00edta\u010doch.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4>USB (Universal Serial Bus\/ k\u013e\u00fa\u010de<\/h4>\n<p>Ukladaj\u00fa d\u00e1ta na rovnakom princ\u00edpe ako pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9 karty \u2013 do <strong>Flash pam\u00e4ti. Hlavn\u00fd rozdiel<\/strong> medzi USB kl\u00fa\u010dmi a pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdmi kartami je, <strong>\u017ee na pripojenie k po\u010d\u00edta\u010du nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa vlastn\u00e9 rozhranie ale USB, ktor\u00e9 sa nach\u00e1dza na ka\u017edom nov\u0161om po\u010d\u00edta\u010di.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">D\u00e1tov\u00e9 p\u00e1sky<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>D\u00e1tov\u00e9 p\u00e1sky sa daj\u00fa prirovna\u0165 k magnetof\u00e9nov\u00fdm p\u00e1skam. Ale na rozdiel od nich sa d\u00e1ta, ako to u\u017e pri po\u010d\u00edta\u010doch b\u00fdva zvykom, <strong>ukladaj\u00fa v digit\u00e1lnom form\u00e1te<\/strong>. Sl\u00fa\u017eia na z\u00e1lohovanie <strong>obrovsk\u00fdch objemov d\u00e1t.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4>Grafick\u00e1 karta,zobrazovacie jednotky<\/h4>\n<p><strong>Grafick\u00e1 karta sl\u00fa\u017eia na uchovanie a organiz\u00e1ciu d\u00e1ta ur\u010den\u00fdch na zobrazenie a vytvorenie v\u00fdstupn\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu, ktor\u00fd sa zobraz\u00ed na monitore ako obraz.<\/strong> V podstate grafick\u00e1 karta preber\u00e1 d\u00e1ta z procesoru a transformuje ich na videosign\u00e1l. Cel\u00fd obraz vidite\u013en\u00fd na monitore je ulo\u017een\u00fd v pam\u00e4ti video RAM na grafickej karte. Grafick\u00e1 karta m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 kon\u0161truk\u010dne rie\u0161en\u00e1 ako samostatn\u00e1 karta, ktor\u00e1 sa zasunie do slotu v z\u00e1kladnej doske, alebo m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 aj integr\u00e1lnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou z\u00e1kladnej dosky.<br \/>\nGK je obsaden\u00e1:<br \/>\nGPU \u2013 graphic processing unit \/grafick\u00fd procesor\/<br \/>\nPam\u00e4\u0165<br \/>\nPrevodn\u00edk RAMDAC<br \/>\nPam\u00e4\u0165 typu EPROM alebo Flash<br \/>\nChladi\u010d<br \/>\n<strong>Riadiaci procesor \/grafick\u00fd procesor\/ &#8211; jeho hlavnou \u00falohou je prij\u00edma\u0165 pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 d\u00e1ta a vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 v nich digit\u00e1lny obraz<\/strong>. Re\u017eim zobrazenia je <strong>ur\u010den\u00fd po\u010dtom obrazov\u00fdch bodov, tzv. pixelov,<\/strong> v horizont\u00e1lnom a vertik\u00e1lnom smere monitora a po\u010dtom farieb, ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 zobrazi\u0165. Pixel je obrazov\u00fd bod \/Picture Element\/. Je to najmen\u0161ia spojit\u00e1 jednotka na obrazovke.<br \/>\nObraz sa v krajnom zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed d\u00e1 predstavi\u0165 ako ve\u013ek\u00e1 tabu\u013eka, kde ka\u017ed\u00fd bod m\u00f4\u017ees ma\u0165 hodnotu 1 alebo 0 \/rozsvieten\u00fd, zhasnut\u00fd bod\/. Na popis sta\u010d\u00ed jedin\u00fd bit, preto vznikol pojem bitmapa. Ak po\u010det bitov pre jeden bod sa zv\u00fd\u0161i, d\u00e1 sa zobrazi\u0165 viac farieb. Tak napr\u00edklad 4-bitov\u00fd obr\u00e1zok m\u00f4\u017ee zobrazii\u0165 16 farieb \/24\/ a 24-bitov\u00e1 grafika zobraz\u00ed 16,7 milio\u00e1na farieb- ide u\u017e o tzv. true color. P\u201co\u010dtu bitov na vyjadrenie farieb sa hovor\u00ed bitov\u00e1 farebn\u00e1 h\u013abka<br \/>\n<strong>Akceler\u00e1tor \u2013 priamo vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa cel\u00fd rad grafick\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dtov<\/strong>. Grafick\u00e1 karta prij\u00edma z CPU kr\u00e1tke in\u0161trukcie obsahuj\u00face pokyn \u010do sa m\u00e1 zobrazi\u0165 a grafick\u00e1 karta sama, vo vlastnej r\u00e9\u017eii, \u201ekresl\u00ed\u201c priamky, zobrazuje okn\u00e1, r\u00f4zne grafick\u00e9 prvky a vykon\u00e1va v\u0161etky potrebn\u00e9 grafick\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dty, \u010d\u00edm doch\u00e1dza k podstatnej \u00faspore \u010dasu CPU.<br \/>\nS\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 grafick\u00e1 karta teda neralizuje len prevod digit\u00e1lnej inform\u00e1cie na obrazov\u00fa, ale sa podie\u013ea na v\u00fdpo\u010dte zobrazovan\u00fdch \u00fadajov.<br \/>\n<strong>GPU \/grafick\u00fd procesor, video\u010dip, videoprocesor<\/strong>\/: v minulosti teda vykon\u00e1val iba prevod pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch d\u00e1t na obrazov\u00fd v\u00fdstup v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa pod t\u00fdmto pojmom m\u00f4\u017ee rozumie\u0165 \u010dip integruj\u00faci 2D\/3D akceler\u00e1tor s riadiacim procesorom, nako\u013eko v s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdch grafick\u00fdch \u010dipoch je akceler\u00e1tor jeho integr\u00e1lnou \u010das\u0165ou.<\/p>\n<h4>Pam\u00e4te grafick\u00fdch kariet<\/h4>\n<p>\u010eal\u0161\u00edm parametrom ur\u010duj\u00facim v\u00fdkonnos\u0165 grafickej karty je r\u00fdchlos\u0165 a kapacita pam\u00e4te. <strong>Ve\u013ekos\u0165 po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho rozl\u00ed\u0161enia priamo s\u00favis\u00ed s ve\u013ekos\u0165ou <\/strong>pam\u00e4te<strong> RAM.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 grafick\u00e9 karty maj\u00fa pam\u00e4te 128-512<\/strong> MB \/1024\/ DDR SDRAM. Obvykle sa uv\u00e1dza len \u00fadaj DDR \/niekedy sa uv\u00e1dza aj GDDR.<br \/>\n<strong>Ramdac<\/strong><br \/>\nPokia\u013e grafick\u00e1 karta je ur\u010den\u00e1 na spolupr\u00e1ce s be\u017en\u00fdm monitorom integr\u00e1lnou s\u00fa\u010dass\u0165ou grafickej karty je RAM \u010d\u00edslicovo \u2013anal\u00f3gov\u00fd konvertor. \/RAM digital Analog Converter\/. Princ\u00edp pr\u00e1ce CRT monitorov vy\u017eaduje anal\u00f3gov\u00fd videosign\u00e1l. Tento je potrebn\u00e9 prievvies\u0165 na vstup do monitora. PC pracuje s digit\u00e1lnymi d\u00e1tami, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa spracov\u00e1van\u00e9 v grafickej karte.<\/p>\n<h4>Pam\u00e4\u0165 typu EPROM alebo Flash<\/h4>\n<p>V tejto pam\u00e4ti s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9: BIOS \/ozna\u010dovan\u00fd aj Video-BIOS, Fireware grafickej karty, z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 fonty znakov,&#8230;.\/Video \u2013BIOS podobne ako BIOS na z\u00e1kladnej doske umo\u017enuje softv\u00e9ru komunik\u00e1ciu na fyzickej, hardv\u00e9rovej vrstve z jednotliv\u00fdmi prvkami grafickej karty.<\/p>\n<h4>Chladenie<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>grafick\u00e9 karty m\u00f4\u017eu by\u017e chladen\u00e9 pas\u00edvnymi aj akt\u00edvnymi chladi\u010dmi v z\u00e1vislosti od tepeln\u00e9ho vy\u017earovanie tej ktorej karty<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Typ slotu<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>AGP, PCI-Express<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">AGP<\/span> \u2013<\/strong> <strong><em>zbernica bola ur\u010den\u00e1 od svojho vzniku na pripojenie len grafickej karty<\/em><\/strong>. Nejde o zbernicu, ku ktorej je mo\u017en\u00e9 pripoji\u0165 nieko\u013eko zariaden\u00ed s\u00fa\u010dasne, teda o zdie\u013ean\u00fa zbernicu, ale d\u00e1 sa pripoji\u0165 len grafick\u00e1 karta.<br \/>\nText\u00fara zaber\u00e1 najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed podiel d\u00e1t zobrazovan\u00e9ho objektu, a tak vznikla my\u0161lienka uklada\u0165 text\u00fary do syst\u00e9movej opera\u010dnej pam\u00e4te \/ v tej dobe videoRAM 4 MB\/.<br \/>\nNiektor\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 pojmy z grafiky<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>2D\/3D<\/strong> \u2013 dvojdimenzion\u00e1lna \/trojdimenzion\u00e1lna grafika<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rastrov\u00e1 grafika<\/strong> \u2013 tabu\u013eka \/1\/0\/<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vektorov\u00e1 grafika<\/strong> \u2013 ka\u017ed\u00fd objekt je pop\u00edsan\u00fd vektormi \/ v\u00fdhoda: zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ovanie, zmen\u0161ovanie\/<\/li>\n<li><strong>Najpou\u017e\u00edvanej\u0161ie form\u00e1ty<\/strong> \u2013 GIF, JPG ,BMP<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pixel <\/strong>\u2013 z\u00e1kladn\u00fd bod z ktor\u00e9ho sa sklad\u00e1 obraz, ich po\u010det v zobrazovanom sn\u00edmku je dan\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edt\u00fdm rozl\u00ed\u0161en\u00edm<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vertex<\/strong> \u2013 Vrchol mnohoulohl\u00edka \/polygonu\/, respekt\u00edvne jednotliv\u00e9 uzly v dr\u00f4tovom modely popisovan\u00e9ho objektu, ktor\u00e9 popisuj\u00fa geometriu modelovan\u00e9ho telesa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Text\u00fara<\/strong> \u2013 Text\u00fara je v podstate popis vlastnost\u00ed povrchu telesa ako s\u00fa farba, prieh\u013eadnos\u0165, lesk, hrbolatos\u0165 atd. V najjednoduch\u0161ej podobe je text\u00fara rastrov\u00fd obraz nanesen\u00fd na priestorov\u00fd objekt.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Grafick\u00e9 ovl\u00e1da\u010de<\/strong> \u2013 programov\u00e9 vybavenie vytv\u00e1ran\u00e9 v\u00fdrobcom grafick\u00e9ho \u010dipu. \u00dalohou ovl\u00e1da\u010da je \u010do najefekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie preklada\u0165 po\u017eiadavky opera\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed do formy, ktor\u00e1 je zrozumite\u013en\u00e1 grafick\u00e9mu procesoru. Kvalita ovl\u00e1da\u010da, tak ovplyv\u0148uje nielen r\u00fdchlos\u0165, ale aj kvalitu vykreslen\u00e9ho obrazu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Pixel Shader<\/strong> \u2013 program ur\u010den\u00fd na vykon\u00e1vanie v\u00fdpo\u010dtov s pixelmi<br \/>\n<strong>Pipeline<\/strong> \u2013 po\u010det jednotiek na spracov\u00e1vanie pixel a vertex oper\u00e1ci\u00ed v grafickom \u010dipe. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010det pixel pipeline umo\u017en\u00ed spracova\u0165 viac pixelov za takt.<br \/>\n<strong>Vertex Shader<\/strong> \u2013 program ur\u010den\u00fd na geometrick\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dty s vertexami.<br \/>\n<strong>Anizoropn\u00e9 filtrovanie<\/strong> \u2013 met\u00f3da filtrovania, zabra\u0144uj\u00faca rozmazaniu vzdialenej\u0161\u00edch text\u00far, pri\u010dom sa berie do \u00favahy aj uhol pod ak\u00fdm je text\u00farov\u00e1 mapa zobrazovan\u00e1.<br \/>\n<strong>SLI technol\u00f3gia<\/strong> \u2013 SLI technol\u00f3gia od firmy Nvidia pracuje tak, \u017ee si karty rozdelia \u00falohy na dve \u010dasti. Hlavn\u00fa \u00falohu pri rozdelen\u00ed z\u00e1\u0165a\u017ee maj\u00fa ovl\u00e1da\u010de. \/Cross-Fire v podstate to iste len od ATI\/<br \/>\n<strong>Computer Aided Design \/po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom podporovan\u00fd n\u00e1vrh \/ CAD<\/strong> , je po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom podporovan\u00fd n\u00e1vrh s\u00fa\u010diastky alebo po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e1 podpora tvorby kon\u0161truk\u010dnej dokument\u00e1cie. Ide o programov\u00e9 vybavenie pre geometrick\u00e9 a matematick\u00e9 modelovanie s\u00fa\u010diastok a ich vlastnosti. Okrem grafick\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed CAD syst\u00e9my umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa realizova\u0165 aj r\u00f4zne in\u017einierske v\u00fdpo\u010dty a anal\u00fdzy. Computer Aided Design \/Copmupter Aided Manufacturing \/n\u00e1vrh\/v\u00fdroba za pomoci po\u010d\u00edta\u010da\/ CAD\/CAM<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Konektory na karte m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165:<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>VGA konektor grafickej karty 15 pinov\u00fd<\/strong> \u2013 je konektor s otvormi v troch rad\u00e1ch po piatich. Vedie sa nimi do monitora \/ v anal\u00f3govej podobe, \u010do a kde sa m\u00e1 zobrazi\u0165.<br \/>\n<strong>DVI \/digital Visual Interface\/ konektor<\/strong> \u2013 je najnov\u0161\u00ed typ priipojenia monitora u\u017e CRT alebo LCD. Konektor na LCD monitoroch a graf. kart\u00e1ch. Vo v\u0161eobecnosti sl\u00fa\u017ei na digit\u00e1lne prepojenie grafickej karty zo zobrazovac\u00edm zariaden\u00edm. Obraz sa dek\u00f3duje a\u017e v \u201eobrazovke\u201c v\u010faka \u010domu je kvalitnej\u0161\u00ed s minim\u00e1lnym ru\u0161en\u00edm.<br \/>\n<strong>S-video konektor \/v\u00fdstup\/ Super-Video output\/<\/strong> je technol\u00f3gia na prenos video-sign\u00e1lu cez konektor, pri\u010dom video inform\u00e1cia je rozdelen\u00e1 na dve separ\u00e1tne \u010dasti \/sign\u00e1ly\/ a to: sign\u00e1l obsahuj\u00faci inform\u00e1cie o farbe \/chrominance\/ a o jase \/luminance\/. Telev\u00edzor tak dok\u00e1\u017ee vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 ostrej\u0161\u00ed obraz videa ako je to pri jednokan\u00e1lovom prenose.<br \/>\n<strong>Zobrazovacie jednotky<\/strong><br \/>\n&#8211; hlavnou \u00falohou pr\u00edstroja na zobrazovanie obrazu je grafickou kartou spracovan\u00fd obraz zobrazi\u0165 na svojej obrazovke. Sl\u00fa\u017eia na to hlavne monitory, in\u00e9 displeje a projektory.<\/p>\n<h4>Monitory CRT \/cathode ray tube\/<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>obrazovka osaden\u00e1 predn\u00fdm sklom<\/li>\n<li>na obrazovku je z vn\u00fatornej strany tienidla nanesen\u00fd Na luminofor dopad\u00e1 zaostren\u00fd a vychylovac\u00edmi cievkami usmernen\u00fd elektr\u00f3nov\u00fd l\u00fa\u010d generovan\u00fd elektr\u00f3nov\u00fdm delom.<\/li>\n<li>vychylovacie cievky sl\u00fa\u017eia na umiestnenie elektr\u00f3nov\u00e9ho l\u00fa\u010da na ka\u017ed\u00e9 miesto na obrazovke.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd farebn\u00fd bod pozost\u00e1va z troch z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch zlo\u017eiek <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">RGB<\/span><\/strong> \/red, green, blue\/<br \/>\nIde o tzv. <strong>adit\u00edvne skladanie farieb<\/strong>, kde 100% z ka\u017edej farby predstavuje farbu bielu<br \/>\nPresnej\u0161iemu dopadu zv\u00e4zku elektr\u00f3nov na jednotliv\u00e9 luminofordov\u00e9 body napom\u00e1ha <strong>mrie\u017eka \/maska\/.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Vertik\u00e1lna vychylovacia frekvencia<\/strong> V-SYNC ovl\u00e1da pohyb l\u00fa\u010da hore a dole.<br \/>\n<strong>Horizont\u00e1lna vychylovacia frekvencia<\/strong> H-SYNC ovl\u00e1da vychy\u013eovanie l\u00fa\u010da z\u013eava doprava.<br \/>\nAby bola stopa dopadaj\u00faceho l\u00fa\u010da v\u017edy rovnako ve\u013ek\u00e1, musel by dopada\u0165 na plochu rovnako vzdialen\u00fa a pod rovnak\u00fdm uhlom. Tieto po\u017eiadavky v\u0161ak sp\u013a\u0148a len <strong>gu\u013eov\u00e9 teleso<\/strong>. Z toho d\u00f4vodu \u2013 obrazovky v minulosti boli ve\u013emi vypukl\u00e9.<br \/>\nVe\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 je aj sn\u00edmkov\u00e1 <strong>obnovovacia frekvencia<\/strong>. Star\u00e9 monitory pracovali s frekvenciou f = 60 Hz, teda 60 sn\u00edmok za sekundu, \u010do sp\u00f4sobovalo chronick\u00e9 z\u00e1paly spojiviek. Neskor\u0161ie za <strong>ergonomick\u00fa frekvenciu <\/strong>bola pova\u017eovan\u00e1 frekvencia 75 Hz. Pou\u017e\u00edvatelia sa nakoniec dohodli, \u017ee vyhovoj\u00facou frekvanciou na be\u017enom 17\u201c monitore je 85 Hz. Obnovovacia frekvencia je tie\u017e z\u00e1visl\u00e1 od pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho rozl\u00ed\u0161enia.<br \/>\nPre ochranu zdravia a \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia \u2013 normy <strong>TCO 99<\/strong> \u2013 obmedzuje pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 \u0161kodliv\u00fdch l\u00e1tok vo v\u00fdrobk. Nov\u00e9 monitory m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u013a\u0148a\u0165 u\u017e aj nov\u0161iu <strong>normu TCO 03.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>LCD displeje<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>TFT LCD \/Thin field transistor liyuid crystal display\/<\/h2>\n<p>Tekut\u00e9 kry\u0161t\u00e1ly sl\u00fa\u017eia medzi dvomi polariza\u010dn\u00fdmi f\u00f3liami ako z\u00e1klopka pre predch\u00e1dzaj\u00face svetlo. Bu\u010f svetlo t\u00e1to z\u00e1klopka prepust\u00ed alebo nie.<br \/>\nMonitory v dne\u0161nej dobe TFT LCD \u2013 tu ka\u017ed\u00fd bod obrazovky m\u00e1 okrem spom\u00ednanej z\u00e1klopky v podobe tekut\u00e9ho kry\u0161t\u00e1lu aj tranzistor ako sp\u00edna\u010d a kondenz\u00e1tor ako pam\u00e4\u0165. Cel\u00e9 usporiadanie je r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie na zobrazovanie a jednotliv\u00e9 body neovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa susediace body. Nev\u00fdhodou TFT LCD je nutn\u00fd zdroj svetla za samotnou obrazovou plochou.<br \/>\nK z\u00e1sadn\u00fdm nev\u00fdhod\u00e1m LCD panelov patrili dlho okrem ve\u013ekej ceny aj niektor\u00e9 parametre. T\u00fdkalo sa to najm\u00e4:<br \/>\nPla\u017emov\u00e9 monitory<br \/>\n&#8211; pre po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 monitory nie je \u00faplne vhodn\u00e1 na sledovanie videa \u00e1no. Ka\u017ed\u00fd obrazov\u00fd pixel je tvoren\u00fd tromi indiviu\u00e1lnymi bodmi. Ka\u017ed\u00fd pre jednu farbu RGB. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z t\u00fdchto subpixelov tvor\u00ed ak\u00fdsi kal\u00ed\u0161ok s vn\u00fatornou stranou natretou pr\u00edslu\u0161nou fluorofoscen\u010dnou farbou. Kal\u00ed\u0161ok je naplnen\u00fd vz\u00e1cnymi plynmi a je prikryt\u00fd prieh\u013eadn\u00fdm sklom, aby plyn nevyprchal. Priveden\u00edm n\u00e1boja sa plyn r\u00fdchle na\u017ehav\u00ed a\u017e do skupenstva plazmy a za\u010dne emitova\u0165 elektr\u00f3ny. Tieto dopadaj\u00fa na vn\u00fatorn\u00fd povrch kal\u00ed\u0161ka a vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa jasn\u00e9 svetlo, ktor\u00e9 prenik\u00e1 kryc\u00edm sklom k pozorovate\u013eovi.<br \/>\nKa\u017ed bod je zdrojom svetla \u2013 nie je potrebn\u00e9 sp\u00e4tn\u00e9 podsvietenie. Obraz je s\u00edce r\u00fdchly, kontrastn\u00fd, farebn\u00fd ale hroz\u00ed vyp\u00e1lenie jasn\u00fdch nemenn\u00fdch obrazcov do jednotliv\u00fdch bodov.<br \/>\nOLED displeje<br \/>\nOrganic light emitting dicole<br \/>\nJednotliv\u00e9 body zobrazovania tvoria di\u00f3dy vy\u017earuj\u00face svetlo. Vyu\u017e\u00edva sa zn\u00fdmy jav elektroluminescenie, teda premeny elektrickej energie na svetlo. Di\u00f3dy s\u00fa tvoren\u00e9 nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi tenk\u00fdmi polovodi\u010d. vrstvami. Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ia vrstva, ktor\u00e1 vy\u017earuje svetlo je tvoren\u00e1 organick\u00fdmi vysokosvietiv\u00fdmi molekulami a polyn\u00e9nmi. Poskytuj\u00fa dostato\u010dn\u00e9 svetl\u00e9 vysokokontrastn\u00e9 farebn\u00e9 zobrazovanie so \u0161irok\u00fdm uhlom vidite\u013enosti. Kame\u0144om \u00farazu s\u00fa v\u0161ak vysok\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na v\u00fdrobu.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"205\"><strong>Technol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"205\"><strong>KLADY<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"205\"><strong>Z\u00c1PORY<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"205\"><strong>CRT<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"205\">cena<br \/>\nkvalita obrazu<\/td>\n<td width=\"205\">rozmeryv\u00e1ha<br \/>\ngeometria obrazu<br \/>\nspotreba<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"205\"><strong>LCD<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"205\">klesaj\u00faca cena<br \/>\ngeometria a ostros\u0165 obrazu<br \/>\nspotreba<\/td>\n<td width=\"205\">podsvetleniepozorovacie uhly<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"205\"><strong>PLAZMA<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"205\">kvalita obrazu<br \/>\npod\u00e1vanie farieb<\/td>\n<td width=\"205\">spotreba<br \/>\nvypa\u013eovanie bodov<br \/>\nnedostupnos\u0165<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"205\"><strong>OLED<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"205\">fyzick\u00e9 vlastnosti<br \/>\nspotrebabez podsvietenia<br \/>\nkvalita obrazu<\/td>\n<td width=\"205\">pod\u00e1vanie farieb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">D\u00e1tov\u00e9 projektory<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>z\u00e1kladom projektoru je siln\u00e1 lampa, ktor\u00e1 vytv\u00e1ra svetlo takej intenzity, aby dok\u00e1zalo s minim\u00e1lnymi stratami prejs\u0165 cez objekt\u00edv a vonkaj\u0161ie prostredie a\u017e na premietaciu plochu. Projek\u010dn\u00e9 lam\u00fay, naj\u010dastej\u0161ie xen\u00f3nov\u00e9, tvoria kv\u00f4li svojej technologickej n\u00e1ro\u010dnosti podstatn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 ceny projektora. Ich \u017eivotnos\u0165 je obmedzen\u00e1 na nieko\u013eko tis\u00edcok pracovn\u00fdch hod\u00edn. Vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa mno\u017estvo tepla \u2013&gt; <strong><em>akt\u00edvne chladenie a z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00fd zdroj.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>HDTV \u2013 High definition Tv<\/h4>\n<p>&#8211; jedn\u00e1 sa o digit\u00e1lny sign\u00e1l s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm rozl\u00edsen\u00edm ako pon\u00fakaj\u00fa dne\u0161n\u00e9 \u0161tandardy SDTV. Minim\u00e1lne rozl\u00ed\u0161enie HDTV mus\u00ed by\u0165 720 p pri 50 Hz.720 znamen\u00e1 \u017ee sign\u00e1l sa na TV vykres\u013euje v 720 riadkoch, p znamen\u00e1 <strong>progres\u00edvny m\u00f3d.<\/strong><br \/>\nE\u0161te kvalitnej\u0161\u00ed obraz ako pri 720 p vznik\u00e1 pri rozl\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed 2080 i a 1080 p.<br \/>\ni\u2013 <strong>prekladan\u00fd m\u00f3d<\/strong> \u2013 striedavo sa zobrazuj\u00fa polosn\u00edmky zostaven\u00e9 raz z p\u00e1rnych a potom z nep\u00e1rnych riadkov, form\u00e1t 1080 i \u2013 zobrazovan\u00fdch cca 2 mil. pixelov<br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">V\u00fdhody LCD<\/span><\/strong> \u2013 ve\u013ekos\u0165, v\u00e1ha<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>spotreba energie 30-40 wattov, CRT 80-160 watov. Nevy\u017earuje elektromagnetick\u00e9 vlny<\/li>\n<li>digit\u00e1lny sign\u00e1l \u2013 DVI konektor, neblikaj\u00fa \u2013 lickering, neovplyv\u0148ovan\u00e9 magnetick\u00fdm po\u013eom \u2013 napr. reproduktory, geometria bez ch\u00fdb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">V\u00fdhody CRT<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>lacnej\u0161ie<\/li>\n<li>krat\u0161ia odozva<\/li>\n<li>pracuj\u00fa dobre vo viacer\u00fdch rozl\u00ed\u0161eniach \u2013 LCD v jednom z\u00e1kladnom ostatn\u00ed interpoluj\u00fa<\/li>\n<li>d\u00e1 sa pozera\u0165 aj z uhla<\/li>\n<li>nemaj\u00fa vadn\u00e9 body<\/li>\n<li>maj\u00fa kvalitnej\u0161ie farby<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tla\u010diarne<br \/>\nTla\u010diarne s\u00fa typick\u00e9 v\u00fdstupn\u00e9 zariadenia. Rozl\u00ed\u0161enie obr\u00e1zkov tla\u010den\u00fdch tla\u010diar\u0148ami sa ud\u00e1va skratkou dpi. Vyjadruje po\u010det bodov na palec. Ved\u013aa tejto jednotky sa pri komer\u010dnej tla\u010di po\u017e\u00edva aj skratka lpi.<br \/>\nTla\u010diarne sa k osobn\u00e9mu po\u010d\u00edta\u010du prip\u00e1jaj\u00fa: USB, SCSI, LPT, EPP<br \/>\nV tla\u010di sa v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti pou\u017e\u00edva farebn\u00fd model CMYK. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 zlo\u017eky s\u00fa tri farby a to az\u00farov\u00e1, fialov\u00e1 a \u017elt\u00e1. Ich substrakt\u00edvnym skladan\u00edm vznikaj\u00fa v\u0161etky ostatn\u00e9 farby okrem bielej, ktor\u00fa predstavuje nepotla\u010den\u00fd papier. Ak sa nanes\u00fa na papier v\u0161etky farby naraz, neodraz\u00ed sa \u017eiadne svetlo a vznikne farba \u010dierna \/ide teda o od\u010d\u00edtanie farieba \u2013 o substrakciu. Aby sa \u0161etrilo jednotliv\u00fdmi farbami sa z praktick\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov pou\u017e\u00edva navy\u0161e \u010dierna farba , preto CMYK.<br \/>\nC \u2013 tyrkysov\u00e1, M \u2013 fialov\u00e1\/purpurov\u00e1<br \/>\nY \u2013 \u017elt\u00e1, K-\u010dierna<br \/>\nPo\u010d\u00edta\u010d vy\u0161le sign\u00e1l zariadeniu \u2013 print driver \u2013 driver po\u0161le d\u00e1ta do tla\u010diarne cez port, tla\u010diare\u0148 ulo\u017e\u00ed d\u00e1ta do buffera&#8230;.<br \/>\nIhli\u010dkov\u00e9 tla\u010diarne<\/p>\n<p>V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti s\u00fa u\u017e tieto tla\u010diarne m\u00e1lo pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9. Princ\u00edp tla\u010de spo\u010d\u00edva vo <strong>vytvoren\u00ed tla\u010den\u00e9ho znaku v matrici tla\u010dovej hlavy<\/strong>. Matrica tla\u010dovej hlavy obsahuje sadu ihli\u010diek, usporiadan\u00fdch do kone\u010dn\u00e9ho po\u010dtu riadkov a st\u013apcov.<br \/>\nIhli\u010dky s\u00fa jednotlivo ovl\u00e1dan\u00e9 riadiacou jednotkou. Po\u010det ihli\u010diek v matrici b\u00fdva 9, 18, 24 a viac&#8230;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>s\u00fa lacn\u00e9, d\u00e1 sa kop\u00edrova\u0165, s\u00fa kvalitn\u00e9<\/li>\n<li>s\u00fa hlu\u010dn\u00e9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Termosublima\u010dn\u00e9 tla\u010diarne<\/h4>\n<p>\u010cinnos\u0165 termosublima\u010dnej tla\u010diarne je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na princ\u00edpe <strong>sublim\u00e1cie, t.j zmeny pevnej l\u00e1tky<\/strong> <strong>na plyn a obr\u00e1tene<\/strong>. Farbivo je nanesen\u00e9 na p\u00e1ske, \u0161irokej ako papier. Tepeln\u00e1 tal\u010dov\u00e1 hlava \u201ena\u017eeh\u013euje\u201c farbivo na \u0161peci\u00e1lny papier, do ktor\u00e9ho povrchu pigmenty farby sublimuj\u00fa. Pre dokonal\u00e9 absorbovanie farby v plynnom skupenstve je nahrievan\u00e1 povrchov\u00e1 vrstva papiera. Okrem toho e\u0161te obsahuje lakovaciu hlavicu, ktor\u00e1 nan\u00e1\u0161a \u0161peci\u00e1lnu transparentn lakovaciu vrstvu. T\u00e1to vrstva tvor\u00ed ochranu vytla\u010denej fotky proti mechanick\u00e9mu oteru, proti UV \u017eiareniu, a teda aj proti vyblednutiu tla\u010de po nejakom \u010dase.<br \/>\nFarben\u00e1 p\u00e1ska sa po\u010das tla\u010de odv\u00edja a je v podstate d\u00e1vkovan\u00e1 na presn\u00fd po\u010det v\u00fdtla\u010dkov. Spotrebn\u00fd materi\u00e1l sa preto dod\u00e1va v komplete farbiaca p\u00e1ska \u2013 \u0161peci\u00e1lny papier. Pri tla\u010di napr\u00edklad len jedn\u00e9ho tla\u010dov\u00e9ho bodu, doch\u00e1dza k odvinutiu farbiacej p\u00e1sky potrebnej pre cel\u00fa plochu. <strong>Pozit\u00edvom je, \u017ee takto sa daj\u00fa presne vy\u010d\u00edsli\u0165 n\u00e1klady na jednu vytla\u010den\u00fa stranu., pr\u00e1ve tieto n\u00e1klady na vytla\u010denie jednej str\u00e1nky patria k z\u00e1porn\u00fdm vlastnostiam termosublima\u010dn\u00fdch tla\u010diarn\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4>Atramentov\u00e9 tla\u010diarne<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>patria medzi najpou\u017e\u00edvanej\u0161ie tla\u010diarne, najm\u00e4 z d\u00f4vodu pomerne n\u00edzkej obstar\u00e1vacej ceny. T\u00e1to v\u00fdhoda je zaplaten\u00e1 v prev\u00e1dzkovch n\u00e1kladoch, v cene tla\u010dov\u00fdch hl\u00e1v a n\u00e1pln\u00ed v nich, integrovan\u00fdch do jedn\u00e9ho celku. Princ\u00edp \u010dinnosti atramentovej tla\u010diarne spo\u010d\u00edva v nanesen\u00ed kvap\u00f4\u010dok atramentu, ulo\u017een\u00e9ho v z\u00e1sobn\u00edku, z ktor\u00e9ho sa, prostredn\u00edctvom trysiek tla\u010dovej hlavy, nan\u00e1\u0161a na papier, t. j. v akom mno\u017estve, ako r\u00fdchlo, ak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom s akou hustotou. Princ\u00edp sp\u00f4sobu prenosu atramentu na papier m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>a, termoelektrick\u00fd<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 kde atrament sa prudko <strong>zohreje<\/strong>, \u010d\u00edm sa zv\u00fd\u0161i tlak, n\u00e1sledkom \u010doho s\u00fa kvap\u00f4\u010dky atramentu vystre\u013eovan\u00e9 na m\u00e9dium.<br \/>\nN\u00e1pl\u0148 tla\u010dov\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobn\u00edka m\u00f4\u017eu tvori\u0165:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pigmentov\u00e9 atramenty<\/li>\n<li>atramenty vyvinut\u00e9 na b\u00e1ze farb\u00edv<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>Nepigmentov\u00fd atrament<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 je jasnej\u0161\u00ed a farebnej\u0161\u00ed, je dobre rozpustn\u00fd a \u013eahko prenik\u00e1 do m\u00e9dia, kde sa tla\u010d\u00ed obraz. Ve\u013emi dobre rozpty\u013euje dopadaj\u00face svetlo. Bez \u0161peci\u00e1lnych m\u00e9di\u00ed, napr\u00edklad fotopapiera, r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie bledn\u00fa p\u00f4soben\u00edm svetla, \u010di vlhkosti.<br \/>\n<strong><em>Pigmentov\u00fd atrament<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 do m\u00e9di\u00ed neprenik\u00e1, ale zost\u00e1va na povrchu. Pigmentov\u00e9 farbiv\u00e1 s\u00fa omnoho stabilnej\u0161ie a nepodliehaj\u00fa a\u017e tak blednutiu p\u00f4soben\u00edm svetla.<\/p>\n<h4>Laserov\u00e9 tla\u010diarne<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00fadaje z celej tla\u010dovej strany sa umiestnia v pam\u00e4ti a n\u00e1sledne sa jedn\u00fdm oto\u010den\u00edm valca cel\u00e1 strana vytla\u010d\u00ed. Z tohto d\u00f4vodu sa laserov\u00fdm tla\u010diar\u0148am hovor\u00ed aj str\u00e1nkov\u00e9 tla\u010diarne.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u00e1ta sa prenes\u00fa z po\u010d\u00edta\u010da do pam\u00e4te tla\u010diarne. Nasleduje elektronick\u00e9 spracovanie tla\u010denej strany, \u010do predstavuje rozlo\u017eenie zobrazovan\u00e9ho obrazu do element\u00e1rnych bodov, v z\u00e1vislosti od rozl\u00ed\u0161enia tla\u010diarne. \u010ealej d\u00f4jde k zavedeniu h\u00e1rku papiera zo vstupn\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobn\u00edka do tla\u010diarne a k tvorbe predlohy obrazu na statickou elektrinou nabitom svetlocitlivom, naj\u010dastej\u0161ie sel\u00e9novom valci. Vykon\u00e1va sa to prostredn\u00edctvom laserovej di\u00f3dy alebo miniat\u00farnymi svietiacimi di\u00f3dami. Na t\u00fdch miestach, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa osvetlen\u00e9 l\u00fa\u010dom lasera alebo svietiacim di\u00f3dami sa elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj neutralizuje. Vytvor\u00ed sa tak presn\u00e1 elektrostatick\u00e1 podoba tla\u010denej str\u00e1nky. Po\u010das tla\u010de sa valec ot\u00e1\u010da a na \u010fal\u0161om mieste doch\u00e1dza k styku s tonerom. Toner je nabit\u00fd tou istou polaritou ako s\u00fa nabit\u00e9 neosvetlen\u00e9 \u010dasti valca. Toner sa prenesie len tie miesta valca, ktor\u00e9 boli osvetlen\u00e9. V tomto momente sa na valci vytv\u00e1ra tonerov\u00e1 kresba \u010dasti tla\u010denej str\u00e1nky. Papier \u010falej prech\u00e1dza cez \u017eehli\u010dku\u201c s teplotou 150 a\u017e 250 \u00b0C. T\u00fdm doch\u00e1dza k fix\u00e1cii tonera. Po prechode cel\u00e9ho papiera tento vych\u00e1dza do v\u00fdstupn\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobn\u00edka. Svetlocitliv\u00fd valec je n\u00e1sledne po celej ploche mazacou lampou zbaven\u00fd\u00fd zvy\u0161kov\u00e9ho n\u00e1boja a op\u00e4tovne nabit\u00fd elektrick\u00fdm n\u00e1bojom a cel\u00fd proces sa opakuje.<br \/>\nPri <strong>farebn\u00fdch laserov\u00fdch tla\u010diar\u0148ach<\/strong> je princ\u00edp podobn\u00fd, s t\u00fdm rozdielom, \u017ee <strong>proces tla\u010de<\/strong> <strong>priebieha \u0161tyrikr\u00e1t<\/strong>. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 priebeh pre ka\u017ed\u00fa farebn\u00fa zlo\u017eku plus \u010diernu farbu. Kombin\u00e1ciou t\u00fdchto \u0161tyroch farieb tonera v r\u00f4znych proporci\u00e1ch sa d\u00e1 vygenerova\u0165 pln\u00e9 farebn\u00e9 spektrum.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">V\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody:<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Ihli\u010dkov\u00e9<\/strong><br \/>\n+ mo\u017eno tla\u010di\u0165 naraz viac k\u00f3pi\u00ed , najni\u017e\u0161ie prev\u00e1dzkov\u00e9 n\u00e1klady<br \/>\n\u2013 hlu\u010dn\u00e9, pomal\u00e9 \/ale nie v\u0161etky, riadkov\u00e9 2400 lpm\/, najni\u017e\u0161ia kvalita<br \/>\n<strong> Atramentov\u00e9<\/strong><br \/>\n+ mo\u017eno tla\u010di\u0165 farebne, najni\u017e\u0161ie zria\u010fovacie n\u00e1klady<br \/>\n\u2013 najvy\u0161\u0161ie prev\u00e1dzkov\u00e9 n\u00e1klady<br \/>\n<strong>Laserov\u00e9<\/strong><br \/>\n+ najr\u00fdchlej\u0161ie, najvy\u0161\u0161ia kvalita<br \/>\n\u2013 farebn\u00e9 s\u00fa drah\u00e9<br \/>\n<strong>BIOS \u2013 Basic Input Output system<\/strong><br \/>\nBIOS \u2013 je program alebo miniat\u00farny opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd <strong>tvor\u00ed d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nok medzi hardv\u00e9rom a opera\u010dn\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom<\/strong>. Umo\u017e\u0148uje opera\u010dn\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu <strong><em>komunikova\u0165 s hardv\u00e9rom<\/em><\/strong>. Je v \u0148om mo\u017en\u00e9 nastavi\u0165 vlastnosti pripojen\u00e9ho hardv\u00e9ru. Mus\u00ed sa nach\u00e1dza\u0165 v ka\u017edom PC.<br \/>\nBIOSom sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie mysl\u00ed program v pam\u00e4ti Flash \/kedysi v ROM, ROM BIOS, EEPROM\/, nach\u00e1dzaj\u00faca sa v \u010dipe na z\u00e1kladnej doske. BIOS v\u0161ak maj\u00fa aj in\u00e9 zariadenia \/napr\u00edklad grafick\u00e9, sie\u0165ov\u00e9 karty \/. Tento program je prv\u00fd, ktor\u00fd sa vykon\u00e1va po zapnut\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010da.<br \/>\n<strong>M\u00e1 nieko\u013eko d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch \u00faloh:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">POST \/Power- On Self Test\/<\/span><\/strong> &#8211; testuje a inicializuje hardware, pr\u00edpadne vyp\u00ed\u0161e \u010do na\u0161iel.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Zav\u00e1dza opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m<\/span><\/strong> \/HDD, FDD, CD, sie\u0165\/:<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>BIOS n\u00e1jde prv\u00fd vykon\u00e1van\u00fd program OS \u2013 bootstrap loader<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Loader na\u010d\u00edta do pam\u00e4te OS a spust\u00ed ho.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Obsahuje konfigura\u010dn\u00fd program<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">,<\/span> ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje nastavi\u0165, zmeni\u0165, zapn\u00fa\u0165, vypn\u00fa\u0165 r\u00f4zne parametre hardv\u00e9ru<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u00fdrobcovia BIOSu: Award, AMI, IBM \u2013 vlastn\u00fd BIOS.<br \/>\nBIOS priamo komunikuje s harv\u00e9rom. Vstupy od hardv\u00e9ru do BIOSu s\u00fa vecou v\u00fdrobcu hardv\u00e9ru a BIOSu. V\u00fdstupy BIOSu smerom k opera\u010dn\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu s\u00fa presne definovan\u00e9. Po\u010d\u00edta\u010de maj\u00fa r\u00f4zne hardwarov\u00e9 komponenty od r\u00f4znych v\u00fdrobcov a preto nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyrobi\u0165 univerz\u00e1lny BIOS.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>OS je z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 programov\u00e9 vybavenie ka\u017ed\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00edta\u010da, ktor\u00e9 zabezpe\u010duje vyu\u017e\u00edvanie v\u0161etk\u00fdch hardv\u00e9rov\u00fdch s\u00fa\u010dast\u00ed \/kl\u00e1vesnica, obrazovka, diskov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, perif\u00e9rie\/, spr\u00e1vu pam\u00e4ti a koordin\u00e1ciu behu programov.<br \/>\nPrim\u00e1rna funkcia opera\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee poskytuje podporu pre realiz\u00e1ciu po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch programov.<br \/>\n<strong>V\u0161etky OS maj\u00fa dve hlavn\u00e9 \u00falohy:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>umo\u017eni\u0165 aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1m vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 HW<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>zabezpe\u010di\u0165 dobr\u00fa spolupr\u00e1cu aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd OS obsahuje mno\u017estvo programov pre spr\u00e1vu, konfigur\u00e1ciu, riadenie spojen\u00ed s ostatn\u00fdmi syst\u00e9mami, z\u00e1lohovanie a podobne<br \/>\nOS zabezpe\u010duje :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165anie a beh programov<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>vyu\u017e\u00edvanie zariaden\u00ed<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>komunik\u00e1ciu u\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea s PC<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>sie\u0165ov\u00e9 slu\u017eby<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>OS mo\u017eno deli\u0165:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>jedno\u00falohov\u00e9<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>viac\u00falohov\u00e9<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>jednou\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00e9<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>viacu\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00e9<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Pr\u00edklady OS: MS DOS, Windows 3.1, Windows 95, 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Unix,&#8230;..<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>OS boli sprvu p\u00edsan\u00e9 v strojovom k\u00f3de, potom v assembleri, po vzniku C-jazyka v \u0148om, v C++, Objektive C, ANSI C, Turob-C<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4>Vrstvov\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara OS<\/h4>\n<p>Jednotliv\u00e9 \u010dasti OS s\u00fa usporiadan\u00e9 vo vrstv\u00e1ch, kde vy\u0161\u0161ia vrstva vyu\u017e\u00edva slu\u017eieb ni\u017e\u0161ej vrstva, nikdy naopak.<br \/>\nAplik\u00e1cie<br \/>\nAplika\u010dn\u00e9 programov\u00e9 rozhranie<br \/>\nJadro<br \/>\nOvl\u00e1da\u010der zariaden\u00ed<br \/>\nHW<\/p>\n<p><strong> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Aplika\u010dn\u00e9 programov\u00e9 rozhranie API<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nje mno\u017eina pr\u00edkazov, o ktro\u00fdch prevedenie m\u00f4\u017ee aplik\u00e1cia \u017eiada\u0165 OS, napr. vytvor s\u00fabor, pre\u010d\u00edtaj vstup z kl\u00e1vesnice..<br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ovl\u00e1da\u010de \u2013 drivers:<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nPre rozmanitos\u0165 perif\u00e9ri\u00ed a ich prudk\u00fd v\u00fdvoj, \u201edrivre\u201c dod\u00e1va v\u00fdrobca perif\u00e9ri\u00ed pre konkr\u00e9tne OS. Drivere treba do OS doin\u0161talova\u0165. Ovl\u00e1da\u010de zariaden\u00ed s\u00fa programy umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00face jadru vykon\u00e1va\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky, napr\u00edklad \u201epre\u010d\u00edtaj polohu my\u0161i\u201c a odovzd\u00e1va\u0165 ich zodpovedaj\u00facim zariadeniam.<br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Jadro<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nJe spr\u00e1vcom cel\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, riadi procesy, spr\u00e1vu pam\u00e4te, pride\u013eovanie zariaden\u00ed, prior\u00edt, a pod. Obsahuje nieko\u013eko hl. modulov a nieko\u013eko pomocn\u00fdch modulov.<br \/>\nCie\u013eom opera\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu je zaistenie pohodlnosti pou\u017e\u00edvania po\u010d\u00edta\u010da, tzn. \u017ee opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m je mana\u017e\u00e9rom <strong>rozhrania \u010dlovek\/stroj<\/strong> a mana\u017e\u00e9rom <strong>rozhrania proces \/ opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4>\u00dalohy OS<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><em> Spr\u00e1va opera\u010dnej pam\u00e4te<\/em> <em>Spr\u00e1vca pam\u00e4te<\/em> patr\u00ed medzi najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie \u2013 i ke\u010f nie najkomplikovanej\u0161ie moduly ka\u017ed\u00e9ho opera\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu<\/strong>. Dobre realizovan\u00e1 spr\u00e1va pam\u00e4ti umo\u017en\u00ed ostatn\u00fdm prvkom OS efekt\u00edvnu pr\u00e1cu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Hlavn\u00e9 \u00falohy spr\u00e1vcu pam\u00e4te s\u00fa:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pride\u013eova\u0165 opera\u010dn\u00fa pam\u00e4\u0165 jednotliv\u00fdm procesom, ke\u010f o \u0148u po\u017eiadaj\u00fa<\/li>\n<li>udr\u017eova\u0165 inform\u00e1cie o pam\u00e4ti, o tom, ktor\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 je vo\u013en\u00e1, ktor\u00e1 pridelen\u00e1 a komu \u2013 ktorej \u00falohe<\/li>\n<li>zara\u010fova\u0165 uvo\u013enen\u00fa pam\u00e4\u0165 medzi vo\u013en\u00fa pam\u00e4\u0165<\/li>\n<li>odobera\u0165 pam\u00e4\u0165 procesom, ak je potrebn\u00e9<\/li>\n<li>ochrana pam\u00e4ti \u2013 \u017eiadny proces by nemal ma\u0165 pr\u00edstup ku pam\u00e4ti pridelenej in\u00e9mu procesu<\/li>\n<li>kontrolova\u0165 pr\u00edstup do pam\u00e4ti, ochra\u0148ova\u0165 pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9 oblasti procesov a odkladanie procesov na disk &#8211; swapping<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ochrana pam\u00e4te<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Zabezpe\u010duje, aby \u017eiadny proces nemohol po\u0161kodi\u0165 d\u00e1ta in\u00e9ho procesu alebo samotn\u00e9ho opera\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. V multitaskovom re\u017eime je toto zabezpe\u010denie jedn\u00fdm z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch faktorov. Ochranu zabezpe\u010duje opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m tromi r\u00f4znymi sp\u00f4sobmi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>ochrana pam\u00e4te ur\u010denej jedn\u00e9mu procesu pred po\u0161koden\u00edm in\u00fdm procesom \u2013<\/strong> pam\u00e4\u0165, ktor\u00e1 nie je dosa\u017eite\u013en\u00e1, nem\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 po\u0161koden\u00e1 \u2013 fyzick\u00e9 str\u00e1nky jedn\u00e9ho procesu nem\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 dosiahnute\u013en\u00e9 pre druh\u00fd proces<\/li>\n<li><strong>ochrana zdie\u013ean\u00fdch d\u00e1t \u2013 tieto musia by\u0165 dosiahnute\u013en\u00e9 viacer\u00fdmi \u00falohami.<\/strong> Jednotka riadenia pam\u00e4te pon\u00faka prostriedky k ozna\u010deniu oblasti pam\u00e4te ur\u010denej len k \u010d\u00edtaniu \/obvykle len bit v str\u00e1nkov\u00fdch tabu\u013ek\u00e1ch\/<\/li>\n<li><strong>ochrana syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch d\u00e1t \u2013<\/strong> OS poskytuje prostriedky k ozna\u010deniu str\u00e1nok, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 pridelen\u00e9 \u013eubovo\u013en\u00e1 \u00faloha alebo len syst\u00e9mov\u00e1 \u00faloha.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"> Spr\u00e1va procesov<\/span><\/strong> \u2013 pride\u013eovanie \u010dasu CPU pre procesy \/ aplik\u00e1cie<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>multitasking, preempt\u00edvny vs nepreeempt\u00edvny \/kooperat\u00edvny\/<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>mulitthreading<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>multiprocessing \u2013 symmetric, asymmetric<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Spr\u00e1va procesov a procesora je jedn\u00fdm z najkomplikovanej\u0161\u00edch prvkov opera\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu \/ ak sa jedn\u00e1 o kompletn\u00fd mulititaskov\u00fd syst\u00e9m\/.<\/p>\n<h4>Princ\u00edp multitaskingu<\/h4>\n<p>Multitaskov\u00fd opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m- umo\u017e\u0148uje s\u00fa\u010dastn\u00fd beh viacer\u00fdch programov.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>multitasking umo\u017e\u0148uje kedyko\u013evek prejs\u0165 k in\u00e9mu programu bez toho, asby sme museli uko\u010di\u0165 be\u017eiaci program<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>multitasking \u2013 u\u013eah\u010duje implement\u00e1ciu \u010dinnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 musia be\u017ea\u0165 paralelne s ostatn\u00fdmi \u010dinnos\u0165ami po\u010d\u00edta\u010da \u2013 napr\u00edklad spr\u00e1va po\u010d\u00edta\u010dovej siete.<\/li>\n<li><strong>V multitaskovom prostred\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu jednotliv\u00e9 programy lep\u0161ie spolupracova\u0165<\/strong> \u2013 m\u00f4\u017eu priamo ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 svoju \u010dinnos\u0165<\/li>\n<li><strong>Multitasking je nutn\u00e1 podmienka pre realiz\u00e1ciu viacu\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu<\/strong>. Ak m\u00e1 jeden po\u010d\u00edta\u010d spracov\u00e1va\u0165 po\u017eiadavky nieko\u013ek\u00fdch u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov, mus\u00ed by\u0165 vybaven\u00fd multitaskov\u00fdm OS. \u017diadny u\u017e\u00edvate\u013e nem\u00f4\u017ee \u010daka\u0165, a\u017e bud\u00fa ostatn\u00ed vybaven\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>Multitasking umo\u017e\u0148uje ove\u013ea lep\u0161ie vyu\u017eitie v\u00fdpo\u010dtovej kapacity syst\u00e9mu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Rozli\u0161ujeme mulitasking kooperat\u00edvny \u2013 vy\u017eaduj\u00faci akt\u00edvnu spolupr\u00e1cu \u00faloh, a preempt\u00edvny \u2013 pri kotorm je \u00falohom procesorov\u00fd \u010das pride\u013eovan\u00fd a odoberan\u00fd transparentne \/pl\u00e1nova\u010dom \u00faloh opera\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu\/<\/p>\n<h4>Kooperat\u00edvny multitaskov\u00fd OS<\/h4>\n<p>Tak\u00fdto OS <strong>vykon\u00e1va jednu \u00falohu na popred\u00ed<\/strong>. Ke\u010f \u010dak\u00e1 na nejak\u00fd vstup, vykon\u00e1va \u00falohu na pozad\u00ed. Procesy na pozad\u00ed \u2013 s\u00fa \u00falohy, ktor\u00e9 vypl\u0148uj\u00fa \u010das procesora vtedy, ke\u010f \u010dak\u00e1 na nejak\u00fd vstup. Procesory navz\u00e1jom kooperuj\u00fa a pod\u013ea potreby pred\u00e1vaj\u00fa riadenie in\u00e9hmu procesu \u2013 ke\u010f ten zamrzne, zamrzne cel\u00fd OS<br \/>\n<strong><em>Nev\u00fdhody:<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nSpomalenie procesu na popred\u00ed<br \/>\nNemo\u017eno ho vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 pre beh paraleln\u00fdch \u00faloh<br \/>\nNie je bezpe\u010dn\u00fd<br \/>\nN\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 vytv\u00e1renie aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/p>\n<h4>Preempt\u00edvny multitasking<\/h4>\n<p>Na z\u00e1klade pridelen\u00fdch prior\u00edt be\u017eia jednotliv\u00e9 \u00falohy a len jedna \u00faloha smie pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 jednotliv\u00e9 prvky syst\u00e9mu.<br \/>\nZdie\u013eanie \u010dasu<br \/>\nProcesor striedavo vykon\u00e1va jednotliv\u00e9 \u00falohy, v\u0161etky \u00falohy maj\u00fa ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 kvantum pridelen\u00e9 na svoj beh \/desiatky a\u017e stovky milisek\/<\/p>\n<h4>Multithreading<\/h4>\n<p>Multi-viac, thread \u2013 vl\u00e1kno, element\u00e1rny proces \u2013 \u201eod\u013eah\u010den\u00fd proces\u201c<br \/>\nNiektor\u00e9 syst\u00e9my podporuj\u00fa tzv. <strong>multithreading \u2013 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa, aby sa jeden \u201e\u0165a\u017ek\u00fd\u201c proces skladal z viacej vl\u00e1kien riadenia \u2013 threadov \/od\u013eah\u010den\u00fdch procesov\/.<\/strong> Thready jedn\u00e9ho procesu zdie\u013eaj\u00fa adresn\u00fd priestor pam\u00e4ti a m\u00f4\u017eu spolu komunikova\u0165 pomocou zdie\u013eanej pam\u00e4ti. Ak nepodporuje syst\u00e9m multithreading,znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd proces je tvoren\u00fd pr\u00e1ve jedn\u00fdm trheadom. <strong>V\u00fdhodou threadov je ni\u017e\u0161ia r\u00e9\u017eia<\/strong> \/t.j. potrebuj\u00fa menej pam\u00e4ti, men\u0161iu \u010das\u0165 v\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu CPU at\u010f. \/ <strong>Pri prep\u00ednan\u00ed medzi threadami a jednoduch\u0161ia spolupr\u00e1ca medzi threadmi<\/strong> \/ako medzi dvoma procesmi\/.<\/p>\n<h4>Multiprocessing<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>symmetric multiprocessing<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>asymmetric multiprocessing<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"> S\u00faborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Syst\u00e9m organiz\u00e1cie adres\u00e1rov a s\u00faborov. Ovl\u00e1da tie\u017e rodelenie disku na aloka\u010dn\u00e9 jednotky, ktor\u00e9 sa stan\u00fa z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm stavebn\u00fdm kame\u0148om s\u00faborov. Vytvorenie FAT, NTFS,&#8230;tabu\u013eky, ktor\u00e1 obsahuje \u00fadaje o ulo\u017een\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho s\u00faboru. In\u00fdmi slovami zaznamen\u00e1va, kde na disku s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 jednotliv\u00e9 adres\u00e1re a subory.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"> Spr\u00e1va vstupno\/v\u00fdstupn\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Rozhranie medzi aplik\u00e1ciami a hardv\u00e9rom, \u010di\u017ee sa jedn\u00e1 o spr\u00e1vu vstupno\/v\u00fdstupn\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed. Pri\u010dom sa:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>sleduje <strong>stav prostriedkov<\/strong> \/perif\u00e9rnych zariaden\u00ed, ich riadiacich jednotiek\/,<\/li>\n<li>rozhoduje o efekt\u00edvnom sp\u00f4sobe pride\u013eovania perif\u00e9rneho zariadenia jednotliv\u00fdm procesom<\/li>\n<li>po pridelen\u00ed procesov jednotliv\u00fdm zariadeniam sa zakazuje 1 \/ 0 oper\u00e1cia<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>vyhraden\u00e9<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 nem\u00f4\u017ee sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 viacer\u00fdm \u00faloh\u00e1m s\u00fa\u010dasne &#8211; napr. tla\u010diare\u0148<\/li>\n<li>preto OS mus\u00ed obsahova\u0165 pre ka\u017ed\u00e9 tak\u00e9to zariadenie jeho spr\u00e1vcu<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>zdie\u013ean\u00e9<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 tak\u00e9 zariadenie, ktor\u00e9ho kapacitu mo\u017eno rozdeli\u0165 na \u010dasti a ka\u017ed\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 m\u00f4\u017ee sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 in\u00e9mu procesu \u2013 opera\u010dn\u00e1 pam\u00e4\u0165, pevn\u00fd disk<\/li>\n<li>tie\u017e mus\u00ed existova\u0165 spr\u00e1vca tak\u00e9hoto zariadenia<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>spolo\u010dn\u00e9 <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 sl\u00fa\u017ei \u013eubovo\u013en\u00e9mu po\u010dtu procesov s\u00fa\u010dasne, nieje nutn\u00fd spr\u00e1vca zariadenia \u2013 napr. hodiny re\u00e1lneho \u010dasu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong> u\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00e9 rozhranie<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>prostredie, v akom u\u017e\u00edvate\u013e zad\u00e1va OS pr\u00edkazy, preto sa \u010dasto ozna\u010duje aj ako Internet pr\u00edkazov. Existuj\u00fa v z\u00e1sade 2 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 typy pr\u00edkazov\u00fdch interpreterov \/ rozhran\u00ed: riadkov\u00fd \/MS DOS, UNIX,&#8230;\/ a grafick\u00fd \u2013 ozna\u010dujeme skratkou CUI \/Graphical User Interface\/<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong>bezpe\u010dnos\u0165<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>intern\u00e1 \/o\u0161etrenie por\u00fach a hav\u00e1ri\u00ed generovan\u00fdch procesmi\/<\/li>\n<li>extern\u00e1 \/odolnos\u0165 vo\u010di \u00fatokom z vonku\/<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">PLUG AND PLAY<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>hardv\u00e9r kompatibiln\u00fd s technol\u00f3giou P@ P je konfigurovate\u013en\u00fd len softv\u00e9rovo. V\u00fdhodou je, \u017ee prev\u00e1dza in\u0161tal\u00e1ciu H a S automaticky \u2013 pri ka\u017edom zapatom PC sa rozpozn\u00e1vaj\u00fa a nastavuj\u00fa v\u0161etky in\u0161talovan\u00e9 zariadenia, s\u00fa im pridelen\u00e9 vlastn\u00e9 preru\u0161enia, tak\u017ee nem\u00f4\u017ee dojs\u0165 ku konfliktu. \u00dastredn\u00fdm objektom tejto zlo\u017eitej oper\u00e1cie je program naz\u00fdvan\u00fd spr\u00e1vca konfigur\u00e1cie, kt. je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou OS, ale aj BIOS-u u PC.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Datab\u00e1zy<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nHromadn\u00e9 spracovanie d\u00e1t \u2013 \u00falohy na spracovanie ve\u013ek\u00e9ho mno\u017estva \u00fadajov, kt. si nevy\u017eaduj\u00fa zlo\u017eit\u00e9 algoritmy. Ale len jednoduch\u00e9, av\u0161ak \u010dast\u00e9 pravideln\u00e9 manipul\u00e1cie ako napr\u00edklad vyh\u013ead\u00e1vanie, tla\u010dov\u00e9 v\u00fdpisy, triedenie,..<br \/>\nDef. 1 \u2013 Pod datab\u00e1zov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom DBS je treba ch\u00e1pa\u0165 mno\u017estvo navz\u00e1jom s\u00favisiacich d\u00e1t spolo\u010dne s programov\u00fdm vybaven\u00edm, kt.umo\u017e\u0148uje pr\u00edstup k d\u00e1tam.<br \/>\nDef. 2 \u2013 DBS m\u00f4\u017eeme ch\u00e1pa\u0165 aj ako PC syst\u00e9m spr\u00e1vy ulo\u017een\u00fdch z\u00e1znamov<br \/>\nDef. 3 \u2013 DSS tvor\u00ed datab\u00e1za DB a syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 zariadenia b\u00e1zy d\u00e1t SRBD<br \/>\nDef. 4 \u2013 Date, C. J., 1995<br \/>\nDBS tvoria nasledovn\u00e9 komponenty:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e1ta<\/li>\n<li>Software<\/li>\n<li>Hardware<\/li>\n<li>U\u017e\u00edvatelia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u010casti datab\u00e1zy<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">D\u00e1ta <\/span><\/strong>\u2013 \u00fadaje (technick\u00e9, administrat\u00edvne, ekonomick\u00e9, finan\u010dn\u00e9, \u0161tatistick\u00e9), ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017eno spracov\u00e1va\u0165 s pomocou technick\u00fdch prostreidkov<br \/>\n<strong><em>Perzistentn\u00e9 d\u00e1ta<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 existuj\u00fa aj po ukon\u010den\u00ed programu. D\u00e1ta pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00fa, t. j. existuj\u00fa v DB nez\u00e1visle v programoch, tie\u017e nez\u00e1visle na tom, \u010di s nimi u\u017e\u00edvate\u013e pracuje alebo nie<br \/>\n<strong><em>Vstupn\u00e9 d\u00e1ta<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 reprezentuj\u00fa \u00fadaje vstupuj\u00face do syst\u00e9mu<br \/>\n<strong><em>V\u00fdstupn\u00e9 d\u00e1ta<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 reprezentuj\u00fa \u00fadaje vystupuj\u00face do syst\u00e9mu<br \/>\n<strong>Reprezent\u00e1cia d\u00e1t<\/strong><br \/>\n&#8211; d\u00e1ta s\u00fa ukladan\u00e9 ako mno\u017estvo z\u00e1znamov jednotliv\u00fdch s\u00faborov, pri\u010dom ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00e1znam s\u00faboru je mno\u017einou polo\u017eiek r\u00f4znych typov. Samotn\u00fd s\u00fabor obsahuj\u00faci z\u00e1znamy je vlastne mno\u017einou z\u00e1znamov rovnak\u00e9ho typu<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>numerick\u00e9 d\u00e1ta, re\u0165azce, \u010d\u00edseln\u00edky, jednotky, odvoden\u00e9 d\u00e1ta&#8230;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Hardware<\/strong><br \/>\n&#8211; najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie \u010dasti hardware, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa DBS s\u00fa:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1 \u2013 naj\u010dastej\u0161ie disky<\/li>\n<li>procesor<\/li>\n<li>vn\u00fatorn\u00e1 pam\u00e4\u0165<\/li>\n<li>komunika\u010dn\u00fd podsyst\u00e9m<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Software<\/strong><br \/>\n&#8211; programov\u00e9 vybavenie DBS tvor\u00ed syst\u00e9m riadenia b\u00e1zy d\u00e1t SRBD. V\u0161etky po\u017eiadavky od \u00fa\u017eivate\u013eov na pr\u00edstup datab\u00e1zy, od pridania nov\u00e9ho s\u00faboru do datab\u00e1zy cez pr\u00e1cu so samot. D\u00e1tami a\u017e po vymazanie s\u00faboru z datab\u00e1zy, s\u00fa spracov\u00e1van\u00e9 SRBD. Syst\u00e9m riadenia b\u00e1zy d\u00e1t vytv\u00e1ra prostredie pre u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov a aplika\u010dn\u00fdch program\u00e1torov tak, aby mohli s datab\u00e1zou pracova\u0165 bez znalosti Hardware, ktor\u00fd je pou\u017eit\u00fd na prev\u00e1dzku DBS.<br \/>\n<strong>U\u017e\u00edvatelia:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>koncov\u00fd u\u017e\u00edvate\u013e<\/li>\n<li>aplika\u010dn\u00fd program\u00e1tor<\/li>\n<li>DBA \u2013 datab\u00e1zov\u00fd administr\u00e1tor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Po\u017eiadavky na DB:<br \/>\n&#8211; kvalitn\u00fd DB syst\u00e9m mus\u00ed zabezpe\u010di\u0165:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Oddelenie defin\u00edcie d\u00e1t od pr\u00edkazov na manipul\u00e1ciu s nimi<\/li>\n<li>Nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 d\u00e1t \/znam., \u017ee programy, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa pr\u00edstup k d\u00e1tam s\u00fa nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 na tom, ako a kde s\u00fa d\u00e1ta ulo\u017een\u00e9\/<\/li>\n<li>Procedur\u00e1lne a neprocedur\u00e1lne rozhranie<\/li>\n<li>Minimaliz\u00e1ciu redundantlanice d\u00e1t \/ hl. probl\u00e9m mnoh\u00fdch datab\u00e1z je viacn\u00e1sobn\u00fd v\u00fdskyt d\u00e1t, z \u010doho vypl\u00fdvaj\u00fa zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na udr\u017eiavanie t\u00fdchto duplic\u00edt, ktor\u00e9 v pr\u00edpade zmien t\u00fdchto d\u00e1t je nutn\u00e9 aplikova\u0165 zmeny vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch v\u00fdskytoch<\/li>\n<li>Ochranu proti nekonzistenii d\u00e1t \/d\u00e1ta ulo\u017een\u00e9 v DB musia vyhovova\u0165 definovan\u00fdm podmienkam\/<\/li>\n<li>Zdie\u013eanie d\u00e1t \/paraleln\u00fd pr\u00edstup\/<\/li>\n<li>Riadenie pr\u00edstupu \u2013 mus\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148ova\u0165 definovanie pr\u00edstupov\u00fdch pr\u00e1v k d\u00e1tam pre jednotliv\u00fdch u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov alebo aplik\u00e1cie \u2013 to znamen\u00e1 ohrani\u010denie, aby niektor\u00ed u\u017e\u00edvatelia mohli iba prezera\u0165<\/li>\n<li>Bezpe\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edstup k d\u00e1tam:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 \u2013 DB s\u00fa chr\u00e1nen\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dtami a heslami.<br \/>\nBezpe\u010dnos\u0165 \u2013 ochrana pred neopr\u00e1vnen\u00fdm pr\u00edstupom, \u0161ifrovanie d\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Integritu d\u00e1t (je schopnos\u0165 datab\u00e1zy vyhn\u00fa\u0165 sa strate konzistencii. Napr. keby sme chceli vlo\u017ei\u0165 \u0161tudentovi predmet, ktor\u00fd neexistuje, poru\u0161ili by sme referen\u010dn\u00fa integritu)<\/li>\n<li>Obnovu d\u00e1t, transak\u010dn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my \u2013 na obnovu po\u0161koden\u00fdch d\u00e1t<\/li>\n<li>Riadenie katal\u00f3gov \u2013 info o sch\u00e9mach, ulo\u017een\u00e9 v \u0161peci\u00e1lnych tabu\u013ek\u00e1ch naz. Katal\u00f3gy. Katal\u00f3gy obsahuj\u00fa d\u00e1ta o d\u00e1tach.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>V\u00fdhody datab\u00e1z<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>kompaktnos\u0165 \/d\u00e1ta s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 elektronicky a nie je potrebn\u00e9 ich spracov\u00e1va\u0165 z tradi\u010dn\u00fdch papierov\u00fdch dokumentov<\/li>\n<li>r\u00fdchlos\u0165 spracovania<\/li>\n<li>dostupnos\u0165<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>DBS m\u00f4\u017eeme deli\u0165 pod\u013ea:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>d\u00e1tov\u00e9ho modelu siet\u00ed \u2013Hierarchicky, rela\u010dne, objektovo orientovan\u00e9, text, expert,.<\/li>\n<li>Po\u010dtu pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov \u2013 jednou\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00e9, viacu\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00e9<\/li>\n<li>Architekt\u00fara \u2013 centalizovan\u00e9<br \/>\n\u2013 distribuovan\u00e9 \u2013 homog\u00e9nne, heterog\u00e9nne<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Rela\u010dn\u00e1 datab\u00e1za<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Vyzna\u010duje sa t\u00fdm, \u017ee \u00fadaje s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 v tabu\u013eke, nie s\u00fa usporiadan\u00e9 do jednej tabu\u013eky, preto\u017ee by bola nepreh\u013eadn\u00e1, dlh\u00e1 a obsahovala by nadbyto\u010dn\u00e9, opakuj\u00face sa \u00fadaje. \u00dadaje m\u00e1me rozdelen\u00e9 do nieko\u013ek\u00fdch tabuliek, kto\u00e9 s\u00fa navz\u00e1jom poprep\u00e1jan\u00e9 pomocou ur\u010dit\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov, rel\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/strong>.<br \/>\nRela\u010dn\u00e1 datab\u00e1za je tak\u00e1 datab\u00e1za, ktor\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e vn\u00edma ako s\u00fastavu v \u010dase meniacich <strong>normalizovan\u00fdch tabuliek s usporiadan\u00fdmi st\u013apcami. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 tabu\u013eka reprezentuje ur\u010dit\u00fd typ entity a ka\u017ed\u00fd riadok v tejto tabu\u013eke \/z\u00e1znam\/, jeden v\u00fdskyt dan\u00e9ho typu entity<\/strong>. St\u013apce predstavuj\u00fa jednotliv\u00e9 modelovan\u00e9 vlastnosti \/atrib\u00faty\/ dan\u00e9ho typu entity.<br \/>\nRela\u010dn\u00fd datab\u00e1zov\u00fd model je tvoren\u00fd s\u00fastavou tabuliek s nasledovn\u00fdmi vlastnos\u0165ami:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Ka\u017ed\u00e1 tabu\u013eka m\u00e1 svoj jednozna\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1zov, ktor\u00fd ju v tejto datab\u00e1ze identifikuje.<\/li>\n<li>Ka\u017ed\u00e1 tabu\u013eka obsahuje iba z\u00e1znamy rovnakej \u0161trukt\u00fary.<\/li>\n<li>Ka\u017ed\u00fd st\u013apec tabu\u013eky m\u00e1 svoj n\u00e1zov \u2013 meno atrib\u00fatu, ktor\u00fdm je identifikovan\u00fd.<\/li>\n<li>Na porad\u00ed st\u013apcov v tabu\u013eke nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Ka\u017ed\u00fd st\u013apec obsahuje hodnoty toho ist\u00e9ho atrib\u00fatu.<\/li>\n<li>Ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00e1znam v tabu\u013eke zodpoved\u00e1 jedn\u00e9mu v\u00fdskytu entity dan\u00e9ho typu.<\/li>\n<li>Ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00e1znam je jednozna\u010dne identifikovate\u013en\u00fd prim\u00e1rnych k\u013e\u00fa\u010dom<\/li>\n<li>Na porad\u00ed z\u00e1znamov nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>V\u0161etky hodnoty v danom z\u00e1zname s jednozna\u010dne a plne z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na prim\u00e1rnom k\u013e\u00fa\u010di \/po\u017eiadavka pre normaliz\u00e1ciu:\/<\/li>\n<li>V\u0161etky hodnoty v danom z\u00e1zname m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 iba automatick\u00fdmi hodnotami z dom\u00e9ny pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho atrib\u00fatu. Hodnoty k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch atrib\u00fatov nesm\u00fa by\u0165 nedefinovan\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Rela\u010dn\u00fd d\u00e1tov\u00fd model vych\u00e1dzal z n\u00e1sledovn\u00fdch po\u017eiadaviek:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>zabezpe\u010di\u0165 vysok stupe\u0148 d\u00e1tovej nez\u00e1vislosti<\/li>\n<li>zabezpe\u010di\u0165 minim\u00e1lnu redundanciu s konzisteniou d\u00e1t<\/li>\n<li>spr\u00edstupnenie datab\u00e1zy pomocou mno\u017einovo orientovan\u00e9ho neprocedur\u00e1lneho jazyka<\/li>\n<li>umo\u017enenie jednoduch\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom re\u0161trukturaliz\u00e1ciu \/zmena \u0161trukt\u00fary tabuliek\/ a rast d\u00e1tov\u00e9ho modelu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 pojmy potrebn\u00e9 k pr\u00e1ci s rela\u010dn\u00fdm modelom d\u00e1t s\u00fa:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>rel\u00e1cia<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>n-tica \/z\u00e1znam\/ &#8211; zodpoved\u00e1 riadku tabu\u013eky<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>atrib\u00fat \/pole, vlastnos\u0165\/ &#8211; zodpoved\u00e1 st\u013apcu tabu\u013eky<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>prim\u00e1rny k\u013e\u00fa\u010d \u2013 jednozna\u010dn\u00fd identifik\u00e1tor v tabu\u013eke, ktor\u00fd je reprezentovan\u00fd st\u013apcom \/alebo zriedka skupinou st\u013apcov\/<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>dom\u00e9na \u2013 mno\u017eina hodn\u00f4t, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee nadob\u00fada\u0165 atrib\u00fat<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Nepr\u00edjemnosti vypl\u00fdvaj\u00face z nevhodnej \u0161trukt\u00fary:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>redundancia<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>mo\u017enos\u0165 vzniku nekonzistencie d\u00e1t<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>strata, prep\u00edsanie alebo in\u00e9 po\u0161kodenie d\u00e1t<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>probl\u00e9my pri vyh\u013ead\u00e1van\u00ed<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Normaliz\u00e1cia d\u00e1t rela\u010dn\u00fdch datab\u00e1z<\/strong> \u2013 postup pri n\u00e1vrhu datab\u00e1zy zabezpe\u010duj\u00faci, \u017ee datab\u00e1za bude konzistentn\u00e1 a redundancia a modifik\u00e1cie d\u00e1t minim\u00e1lne.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1 NF (norm\u00e1lna forma \/ &#8211; ka\u017ed\u00e1 hodnota atrib\u00fatu mus\u00ed by\u0165 atomick\u00e1 \u2013 nedelite\u013en\u00e1 \/prienik ka\u017ed\u00e9ho st\u013apca a ka\u017ed\u00e9ho riadku je pr\u00e1ve jedna hodnota\/, neopakuj\u00fa sa riadky ani st\u013apce<\/li>\n<li>2NF = 1 NF + ka\u017ed\u00fd nek\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd atrib\u00fat mus\u00ed by\u0165 z\u00e1visl\u00fd na celom PK \/prim\u00e1rny k\u013e\u00fa\u010d\/<\/li>\n<li>3NF = 2 NF + ka\u017ed\u00fd nek\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd atrib\u00fat z\u00e1vis\u00ed iba na PK a neexistuj\u00fa z\u00e1vislosti medzi nek\u013e\u00facov\u00fdmi atrib\u00fatmi<\/li>\n<li>Boyce-Codd NF, 4NF, 5NF<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Komprim\u00e1cia \/kompresia, balenie, packovanie\/ d\u00e1t<br \/>\nProbl\u00e9m pam\u00e4\u0165ovej kapacity a v\u00f4bec miesta na pevn\u00fdch diskoch po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov je rovnako star\u00fd ako po\u010d\u00edta\u010de.<br \/>\nKomprima\u010dn\u00fd program sa vyu\u017e\u00edva u t\u00fdch s\u00faborov, s ktor\u00fdmi nepracujeme pr\u00edli\u0161 \u010dasto. Najvy\u0161\u0161iu komprim\u00e1ciu dosiahneme u datab\u00e1zov\u00fdch s\u00faborov s kon\u0161tantou ve\u013ekos\u0165ou pol\u00ed, \u010falej u textov\u00fdch s\u00faborov a s\u00faborov s obr\u00e1zkami, hudbou at\u010f.<br \/>\nHlavnou \u00falohou pri komprim\u00e1cii \/balen\u00ed\/ d\u00e1t je zmen\u0161enie objemu d\u00e1t pred ich ulo\u017een\u00edm alebo prenosom. Dosahuje sa toho r\u00f4znymi komprima\u010dn\u00fdmi postupmi. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou s\u00fa vyh\u013eadan\u00e9 \u010dasto sa vyskytuj\u00face skupiny znakov a t\u00fdm je priraden\u00fd kr\u00e1tky bin\u00e1rny k\u00f3d, zatia\u013e \u010do m\u00e1lo sa vyskytuj\u00face znaky maj\u00fa priraden\u00fd k\u00f3d dlh\u0161\u00ed. Vo v\u00fdsledku sa t\u00fdm celkov\u00e1 ve\u013ekos\u0165 s\u00faboru zmen\u0161\u00ed.<br \/>\nKomprima\u010dn\u00e9 programy v\u0161ak tie\u017e plnia \u010fal\u0161ie \u00falohy:<br \/>\nSpojenie v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ieho mno\u017estva mal\u00fdch s\u00faborov do jedn\u00e9ho s\u00faboru<br \/>\nRozdelenie ve\u013ek\u00e9ho s\u00faboru na \u010dasti tak, aby sa jednotliv\u00e9 \u010dasti vo\u0161li napr. na disketu<br \/>\nOchrana d\u00e1t heslom<br \/>\nKomprimovan\u00e9 d\u00e1ta s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 v s\u00faboru, ktor\u00e9mu sa hovor\u00ed arch\u00edv. Pod\u013ea pou\u017eit\u00e9ho komprima\u010dn\u00e9ho programu m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 arch\u00edv r\u00f4zne pr\u00edpony \/zip, arj, rar, cab,..\/. Pokia\u013e chceme s komprimovan\u00fdmi <strong>d\u00e1tami norm\u00e1lne pracova\u0165<\/strong>, mus\u00edme je dekomprimova\u0165 \/rozbali\u0165\/. Arch\u00edv m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vytvoren\u00fd ako samorozba\u013eovac\u00ed \/ s pr\u00edponou exe\/ alebo pre jeho rozbalenie mus\u00edme pou\u017e\u00ed\u0165 <strong>komprima\u010dn\u00fd program.<\/strong><br \/>\nNajzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie komprima\u010dn\u00e9 programy s\u00fa:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"205\"><strong>N\u00e1zov programu<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"205\"><strong>www-str\u00e1nka<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"205\">WinZip<\/td>\n<td width=\"205\">www.winzip.com<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"205\">WinRar<\/td>\n<td width=\"205\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rar.cz\/news.php\">www.winrar.cz<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"205\">QuickZip<\/td>\n<td width=\"205\">www.quickzip.org<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"205\">Power Archiver<\/td>\n<td width=\"205\">www.powerarchiver.com<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"205\">JAR<\/td>\n<td width=\"205\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.arjsoftware.com\/jar.htm\">www.arjsoftware.com\/jar.htm<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"205\">7-Zip<\/td>\n<td width=\"205\">www.7-zip.org<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Kompresie del\u00edme pod\u013ea<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>Zachovania inform\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>stratov\u00e1 <\/em><\/strong>\/zvuk, video, obr\u00e1zky,&#8230;- vyu\u017e\u00edva nedokonalos\u0165 \u013eudsk\u00fdch zmyslov, existuje tu tzv. kompresn\u00fd pomer, ktor\u00fd si nastav\u00ed u\u017e\u00edvate\u013e v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou s\u00e1m pod\u013ea vy\u017eadovanej kvality, nie je mo\u017en\u00e1 dekompresia do p\u00f4vodn\u00e9ho form\u00e1tu\/<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>bezstratov\u00e1<\/em><\/strong> \/umo\u017e\u0148uje sp\u00e4tn\u00fa dekompresiu do p\u00f4vodnej formy\/ n\u00e1ro\u010dnosti \/\u010dasu\/ kompesie<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Parametre pre porovn\u00e1vanie kompresn\u00fdch programov<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>ve\u013ekos\u0165 arch\u00edvu<\/li>\n<li>r\u00fdchlos\u0165<\/li>\n<li>pomer ve\u013ekosti arch\u00edvu a r\u00fdchlosti k zachovan\u00fdm inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m \u2013 pri stratov\u00fdch kompresi\u00e1ch<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>V\u00edrusy<\/h4>\n<p>Malware \u2013 malicious software -v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 ozna\u010denie \u0161kodliv\u00e9ho softv\u00e9ru. Patria sem napr\u00edklad v\u00edrusy, \u010dervy, tr\u00f3jske kone, dialery, backdoory, spyware a adware. Malware sa do po\u010d\u00edta\u010da dost\u00e1va zvy\u010dajne cez internet, hlavne pri prezeran\u00ed \u0161kodliv\u00fdch str\u00e1nok s nie dobre zabezpe\u010den\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom.<br \/>\nZ\u00e1kladn\u00e9 delenie:<br \/>\nV\u00edrusy \u2013 programy, ktor\u00e9 prip\u00e1jaj\u00fa svoju k\u00f3piu k in\u00fdm programom a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou zabezpe\u010dia pri definovanej udalosti aj jej aktiv\u00e1ciu, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou de\u0161truk\u010dn\u00fa. \u010ci\u017ee na infikovanie po\u010d\u00edta\u010da v\u00edrom je potrebn\u00e9 spusti\u0165 u\u017e nainfikovan\u00fd s\u00fabor.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>prepisovacie, prid\u00e1vacie, vkladacie, companion v\u00edsrusy<\/li>\n<li>bootovacie<\/li>\n<li>makrov\u00edry<\/li>\n<li>emailv\u00edry<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u010cervy \u2013 nepotrebuj\u00fa hostite\u013ea, program s funk\u010dnos\u0165ou ako v\u00edsurs akur\u00e1t sa dostane do po\u010d\u00edta\u010da cez bezpe\u010dnosn\u00e9 diery bez nutnosti z\u00e1sahu u\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea<br \/>\nTr\u00f3jske kone \u2013 program, ktor\u00fd sa vyd\u00e1va za u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fd, pri\u010dom v skuto\u010dnosti vykon\u00e1va de\u0161trukt\u00edvne alebo in\u00e9 \u010dinnosti<br \/>\nSpyware \u2013 program, ktor\u00fd zbiera a odosiela osobn\u00e9 a in\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eovi a jeho po\u010d\u00edta\u010di tret\u00edm osob\u00e1m<br \/>\nAdware &#8211; program, ktor\u00fd zobrazuje u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eovi reklamy alebo web-str\u00e1nky bez toho, aby mal o to u\u017e\u00edvate\u013e z\u00e1ujem.<br \/>\nDialer \u2013 program, ktor\u00fd vytl\u00e1\u010da pomocou modemu audiotextov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edsla<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">V\u00edrusy a in\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 infiltr\u00e1cie a ochrana pred nimi<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Malware<\/strong> \u2013 malicious software,<\/p>\n<h2>Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 delenie:<\/h2>\n<p>o <strong>v\u00edrusy \u2013 <\/strong>programy, ktor\u00e9 prip\u00e1jaj\u00fa svoju k\u00f3piu k in\u00fdm programom a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou zabezpe\u010dia pri definovanej udalosti aj jej aktiv\u00e1ciu, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou de\u0161truk\u010dn\u00fa<br \/>\no prepisovacie, prid\u00e1vacie, vkladacie, companion v\u00edrusy<br \/>\no bootovacie<br \/>\no makrov\u00edry<br \/>\no emailv\u00edry<br \/>\no <strong>\u010dervy<\/strong> (worms) \u2013 nepotrebuj\u00fa hostite\u013ea<br \/>\no <strong>tr\u00f3jske kone<\/strong> \u2013 de\u0161trukt\u00edvne, password-stealing, droppers<br \/>\no <strong>spyware, adware<\/strong><br \/>\no <strong>dialer<\/strong><br \/>\no <strong>backdoory<\/strong><br \/>\no <strong>EICAR <\/strong>\u2013 testovac\u00ed \u201ev\u00edrus\u201c<br \/>\no <strong>gener\u00e1tory v\u00edrusov<\/strong><br \/>\no <strong>hoax &#8211; <\/strong>popla\u0161n\u00e1 spr\u00e1va<br \/>\no popis nebezpe\u010dia (fikt\u00edvneho), popis ni\u010div\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dinkov<br \/>\no \u201ed\u00f4veryhodn\u00fd\u201c zdroj<br \/>\no v\u00fdzva k \u010fal\u0161iemu rozoslaniu<br \/>\n<strong>met\u00f3dy ochrany a skr\u00fdvania sa v\u00edrusov:<\/strong><br \/>\no k\u00f3dovanie, stealth techniky, polymorfnos\u0165, multithreading<br \/>\no dvojit\u00e1 pr\u00edpona, biele znaky<br \/>\no vyu\u017e\u00edvanie bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch dier<br \/>\no likvid\u00e1cia antiv\u00edrov\u00fdch programov \u2013 retrov\u00edry<br \/>\no fal\u0161ovanie skuto\u010dn\u00e9ho odosielate\u013ea (spoofing) pri emailoch<br \/>\no kombin\u00e1ciou<\/p>\n<h2>Ochrana pred infiltr\u00e1ciami<\/h2>\n<p><strong>antiv\u00edrov\u00e9 programy<\/strong> by mali sp\u013a\u0148a\u0165<br \/>\no vysok\u00e1 \u00faspe\u0161nos\u0165 detekcie a lie\u010denia<br \/>\no minimum falo\u0161n\u00fdch poplachov<br \/>\no r\u00fdchlos\u0165<br \/>\no mo\u017enos\u0165 karant\u00e9ny<br \/>\n<strong>met\u00f3dy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 antiv\u00edrov\u00fdmi programami<\/strong><br \/>\no heuristika \u2013 emulovanie k\u00f3du<br \/>\no porovn\u00e1vanie vzorkov z v\u00edrusovej datab\u00e1zy<br \/>\no kontrola integrity &#8211; d\u00e1tum, d\u013a\u017eka s\u00faboru, kontroln\u00fd s\u00fa\u010det&#8230;<br \/>\n<strong>kedy prebieha kontrola<\/strong><br \/>\no priebe\u017en\u00e9 monitorovanie \u2013 on access<br \/>\no kontrola na po\u017eiadanie \u2013 on demand<br \/>\no ke\u010f je napl\u00e1novan\u00e1<br \/>\no kontrola POP3<br \/>\no antiv\u00edrov\u00fd \u0161etri\u010d obrazovky<\/p>\n<h2>Ako mo\u017eno maximalizova\u0165 ochranu?<\/h2>\n<p>o in\u0161tal\u00e1cia a pravideln\u00e1 aktualiz\u00e1cia antiv\u00edrov\u00e9ho programu<br \/>\no update (patch) opera\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu ale aj jednotliv\u00fdch aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed<br \/>\no in\u0161tal\u00e1cia a pravideln\u00e9 aktualiz\u00e1cia programu na vyh\u013ead\u00e1vanie spyware<br \/>\no pravidelne z\u00e1lohova\u0165<br \/>\no in\u0161tal\u00e1cia a pravideln\u00e1 aktualiz\u00e1cia firewallu<br \/>\no vytvorenie z\u00e1chrannej diskety\/diskiet<br \/>\no zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 zak\u00e1zanie cookies, sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165anie skriptov, objektov ActiveX v internet prehliada\u010di<br \/>\no neotv\u00e1ra\u0165 podozriv\u00e9 emaily a ich pr\u00edlohy<br \/>\n<strong>v\u00edrusov\u00e1 hist\u00f3ria<\/strong><br \/>\no 1949, vznikla prv\u00e1 te\u00f3ria o samorozmno\u017eovan\u00ed programov<br \/>\no 1981, Apple v\u00edrusy, experiment<br \/>\no 1983, definovan\u00fd pojem v\u00edrus<br \/>\no 1986, prv\u00fd ozajstn\u00fd v\u00edrus pre PC, Brain, boot a stealth<br \/>\no 1988, prv\u00fd \u010derv, autor dostal 3 roky podmienku a $10 000 pokutu<br \/>\no 1990, Norton Antiv\u00edrus, prv\u00fd antiv\u00edrov\u00fd program<br \/>\no 1991, Tequila, prv\u00fd plne polymorfn\u00fd aj stealth v\u00edrus<br \/>\no 1992, na svete je 1300 v\u00edrusov, n\u00e1rast 420% oproti roku 1990<br \/>\no 1994, Good Time, prv\u00fd hoax<br \/>\no 1999, Melissa, makrov\u00edrus, $80mil \u0161kody<br \/>\no 2001, Code Red, \u010derv, $2mld \u0161kody<br \/>\no 2002, autor Melissy ods\u00faden\u00fd na 20 mesiacov<br \/>\no 2003, Slammer, \u010derv, za menej ako 3 hodiny napadol stovky tis\u00edc po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov<br \/>\no 2003, viac ako 65 000 v\u00edrusov<br \/>\n<strong>skrinka<\/strong><br \/>\no tower &#8211; mini, midi, big, desktop \u2013 slim<br \/>\no \u013eahk\u00fd pr\u00edstup, zdroj, hlu\u010dnos\u0165, porty spredu<br \/>\n<strong>zdroj <\/strong><br \/>\no v\u00fdkon 200W \u2013 500W<br \/>\no AT 5V, ATX 3,3V<br \/>\n<strong>z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00fd zdroj &#8211; <\/strong>UPS &#8211; Uninterruptible Power Supply, <strong>bleskoistky<\/strong><br \/>\no offline (standby), online<br \/>\no autosave, autoshutdown, ochrana siete, tel. linky, hotswap bat\u00e9ria, doba nab\u00edjania, studen\u00fd \u0161tart<br \/>\n<strong>kl\u00e1vesnica<\/strong><br \/>\no multimedi\u00e1lna, ergonomick\u00e1 \u2013 RSI &#8211; Repetitive Strain Injury, virtu\u00e1lna, gumen\u00e1<br \/>\no pripojenie \u2013 s k\u00e1blom, bezdr\u00f4tov\u00e1, PS\/2, DIN<br \/>\n<strong>my\u0161<\/strong><br \/>\no pripojenie \u2013 s k\u00e1blom, bezdr\u00f4tov\u00e1, COM, PS\/2, USB<br \/>\no sp\u00f4sob sn\u00edmania \u2013 mechanick\u00e1, optomechanick\u00e1, optick\u00e1,<br \/>\n<strong>trackball, touchpad, sveteln\u00e9 pero<\/strong><br \/>\no pokus nahradi\u0165 my\u0161, kl\u00e1vesnicu<br \/>\n<strong>tablet<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>sie\u0165ov\u00e1 karta<\/strong><br \/>\no koaxi\u00e1l, UTP 10,100Mb, Wi-Fi<br \/>\n<strong>skener<\/strong><br \/>\no pripojenie \u2013 LPT, USB 1,1\/2,0, FireWire, SCSI<br \/>\no sn\u00edmanie CIS (Contact Image Sensor\/Scanner) \u2013v\u0161etky farby s\u00fa\u010dasne, CCD (Charged Coupled Device) \u2013 kvalitnej\u0161ie<br \/>\no OCR, farebn\u00e1 h\u013abka 36-48b, optick\u00e9 rozl\u00ed\u0161enie: 600&#215;300 a\u017e 6400x3200dpi, interpolovanie, denzita \u2013 schopnos\u0165 rozli\u0161ova\u0165 r\u00f4znu intezitu svetla, automatick\u00fd pod\u00e1va\u010d, dianastavec<br \/>\n<strong>modem<\/strong><br \/>\no intern\u00fd, extern\u00fd<br \/>\no softv\u00e9rov\u00fd, hardv\u00e9rov\u00fd<br \/>\no anal\u00f3gov\u00fd, ISDN, ADSL<br \/>\n<strong>zvukov\u00e1 karta<\/strong>, reproduktory, mikrof\u00f3n<br \/>\no na doske, intern\u00e1, extern\u00e1<br \/>\no 5.1 \u2013 Dolby Digital 2.0 (AC-3) 6kan\u00e1lov\u00fd form\u00e1t \u2013 \u0161tandard pre DVD, DTS Digital Sorround \u2013 podobn\u00e9 ale 4x vy\u0161\u0161ia r\u00fdchlos\u0165 k\u00f3dovania, 6.1 \u2013 Dolby Digital EX alebo DTS-ES, 7.1<br \/>\n<strong>webov\u00e1 kamera<\/strong><br \/>\no sn\u00edmanie CMOS, CCD<br \/>\no rozl\u00ed\u0161enie, fps, mikrof\u00f3n, softv\u00e9r, manu\u00e1lne zaostrovanie<br \/>\n<strong>telev\u00edzna, satelitn\u00e1 a r\u00e1diov\u00e1 karta<\/strong><br \/>\no intern\u00e1, extern\u00e1, bez zapnutia PC<br \/>\no dia\u013ekov\u00e9 ovl\u00e1danie, teletext, automatick\u00e9 a ru\u010dn\u00e9 ladenie, z\u00e1znam<br \/>\n<strong>hern\u00e9 polohovacie zariadenia<\/strong><br \/>\no joysticky, volanty, ped\u00e1le, barany<br \/>\no feedback, nastavenie kl\u00e1vesov\u00fdch skratiek pre tla\u010didl\u00e1<br \/>\n<strong>plotre<\/strong><br \/>\no valcov\u00e9, stolov\u00e9<br \/>\no tla\u010dia, kreslia, re\u017e\u00fa<br \/>\no d\u013a\u017eka 10-20m, \u0161\u00edrka 1-2m<br \/>\nvladostollmann yahoo.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Informatika Je veda o inform\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. Zaober\u00e1 sa ich zberom, uchov\u00e1van\u00edm, roz\u0161\u00edrovan\u00edm, spracovan\u00edm a vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm, te\u00f3riou algoritmov, programovac\u00edch jazykov a architekt\u00farou po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov. Informatika je veda o &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":27591,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[632,636],"tags":[641,640,639],"class_list":["post-8883","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-informacne-systemy","category-komunikacia","tag-informacie","tag-informacny-system","tag-is"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Informatika - Auto\u0161koly.sk<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.autoskoly.sk\/news\/informatika\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Informatika - Auto\u0161koly.sk\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Informatika Je veda o inform\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. Zaober\u00e1 sa ich zberom, uchov\u00e1van\u00edm, roz\u0161\u00edrovan\u00edm, spracovan\u00edm a vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm, te\u00f3riou algoritmov, programovac\u00edch jazykov a architekt\u00farou po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov. 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